Technology in international business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Innovation in worldwide business - Essay Example In the event that one attempts to discover the immense effect of Web 2.0 on the social circle, the pursuit should begin from the 2008 US presidential political decision. The political decision saw the utilization of interpersonal interaction and YouTube for passing data and recordings. Truth be told, President Obama even declared the bad habit presidential choice by means of instant message. In any case, the inquiry here is to examine how the instrument can be utilized to improve diverse group execution, for instance, that of a virtual group. At this stage, it is anything but difficult to continue on the off chance that one realizes the ‘Container Model of Learning (Knowledge Transfer) and Communication. As Jin, Mason and Yim (n.d.) call attention to, as per the model, if An and B are two elements, and if A conveys its information to B, both An and B get the information that at first dwelled just with A. 1. One can without a doubt say that Web 2.0 advances can significantly imp rove cooperation, particularly when they are virtual groups, by upgrading joint effort and sharing of data. Truth be told, Web 2.0 encourages groups to bring their center undertaking the board procedure on the web. At that stage, utilizing long range informal communication like Facebook makes the task procedure obvious to all individuals from the group, regardless of topographical region and time. Moreover, there is Wiki where all colleagues can refresh the status of errands as required. What's more, there is blogging to specify. It appears that Web 2.0 offers considerably more than what is required to have appropriate correspondence and coordinated effort in groups. Additionally, the advantage of utilizing Social systems administration stages like MySpace for connection can't be ignored. Such systems permit undetectable human systems. On the off chance that appropriately utilized, these systems can work as wellsprings of skill that can be made accessible at whatever point and any p lace required. As specialists watch, correspondence is the fundamental obstacle that prevents culturally diverse correspondence more often than not. Be that as it may, PC situations have offered an a lot more prominent chance of correspondence, however there still are issues. Email, moment delivery person, and talking correspondence permit consistent correspondence that was unimaginable before. Truth be told, many Web 2.0 instruments can be utilized as specialized apparatuses. The rundown is long and dynamic, going from Blogs, Wikis, Flickr, digital recordings, and recordings. What's more are person to person communication locales like MySpace, and Facebook. There are instruments that encourage individual to-individual and gathering to-amass correspondence. Some of them are email, IM, content informing, Google Groups, and Web conferencing (Thing 7. Web 2.0 specialized devices). It appears that Web 2.0 opens up a totally different field of association and collaboration in universal a ssociations. For instance, webcam empowered video conferencing permits moment up close and personal correspondence, however this won't be so fascinating for non-English talking nations. In any case, one can't deny in the event that it is guaranteed that synergistic online journals can assist individuals with conveying successfully, share perspectives, and accordingly bring about better group execution. What's more, everybody knows how a wiki can be utilized to examine disputable issues. It is obvious that it will be intriguing to perceive how staff from different social foundations communicate and arrive at better affinity. Likewise, Google records can be utilized to advance composition on the improvement of intercultural skills, and this will help

My Visit to a Greek Orthodox Church :: Observation Essays Descriptive Essay

I have chosen to visit a Greek Orthodox Church, Saint Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox church. I went alone in light of the fact that I calculated this would not draw an excessive amount of consideration during the administration. I attempted to locate a close by chapel that will give the administration mostly in English. At the point when I discovered one close to me it was my karma that I went when it was completely spoken in Greek. The English help was at six at night, and the all-Greek assistance began at ten toward the beginning of the day. So to my demoralization I was at a lost at any endeavors that I had preplanned to adjust to this new condition. I didn’t even get the name of the cleric. While I was there sitting in the back I had the option to analyze a portion of the standards of the congregation and the way of life with in.      The church outer appearance was very not quite the same as different places of worship that I have seen. It was essentially a major white plaster hinder with a gold arch on top and four adorned spikes on each side of the structure that encompassed the vault. The individuals obviously were all Greek and were very sharp looking. The majority of the men and young men all wore suits, and If not they had a vest on. I don’t know whether this was a standard or custom, however it generally appeared as a regard to God. The ladies all wore the fundamental dresses, and all the skirts tumbled down beneath the knee. Everyone was appropriate and requested. As I strolled in the congregation I entered an entryway or some likeness thereof. What I saw hear was something like social hour. Everyone was in there. They were all communicating in Greek, and I felt as though I was in a family gathering party. The youngsters were all together; the grown-ups talked together and the youthf ul grown-ups all were together. The manner in which they all mingle is the point at which somebody comes up to make proper acquaintance, they give each other a kiss on the cheek and an embrace. These individuals are on the whole near one another. It appears as though the congregation is the focal point of their lives. I respect that quality also. To enter the assembly room you should go into this little room, which has a bit of piece of clothing from St. Constantine and St. Helen. Likewise there were candles lit. As they strolled through this little room they lit a flame and bowed down for a second to implore, and afterward contacted each article of clothing and made a traverse their chest.

Mock free essay sample

What amount is the size of the exchange opportunity for this situation among ADR and basic offer exchanged on LSE? A. UK? 0. 8740 B. UK? 2. 1263 C. UK? 1. 8740 D. Nothing unless there are other options 9. In the event that we accept that outside trade markets for significant world monetary forms are â€Å"efficient† and forward trade rates are impartial indicators of future spot trade rates at that point utilizing the suppositions of relative buying power equality and the underneath table of expansion rates and introductory spot trade rates in United States and UK gauge the spot conversion scale for every period. Current spot conversion scale: US$ 1. 5723/UK? Period: USA Inflation UK Inflation Estimated Exchange Rate 1 2. 4% 3. 2% X1 2. 8% 3. 6% X2 3. 5% 4. 2% X3 4 3. 2% 2. 5% X4 What is the normal future spot conversion standard in period 4? A. US$ 1. 5722/UK? B. US$ 1. 5482/UK? C. US$ 1. 5569/UK? D. US$ 1. 5158/UK? 10. Which of the accompanying explanations best depicts an ADR: I. alludes to endorsements exchanged the United States and designated in US$. We will compose a custom article test on Mock or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page ADR’s are sold, enlisted and moved in the United States in same way as any portion of the stock †with each ADR speaking to a specific numerous of the basic outside offer. II. efers to endorsements exchanged the worldwide markets and named in US$. ADR’s are sold, enrolled and moved in a significant world market, for example, London in same way as any portion of the stock †with each receipt instrument speaking to a specific numerous of the fundamental remote offer. III. alludes to endorsements exchanged an abroad market that are illustrative of a different of hidden offers recorded and exchanged an outside local market. IV. allude to â€Å"baskets† or arrangement of portions of a remote organization recorded and exchanged US and named in US$. A. I just B. II just C. III just D. IV as it were Part B: Calculation question You should endeavor the two inquiries Each question conveys 20 imprints 1. You are CFO of Darwin Mineral Exploration, a little Australian mining aggregate situated in Australia. A chance to grow tasks has emerged with two potential settings viable: Perth, Western Australia or Papua New Guinea, a neighboring nation with huge mineral stores. Every setting has an underlying â€Å"sunk† cost or capital venture (expense) and anticipated incomes in table underneath. The present spot conversion standard between Australian Dollar (Aus$) and Papua New Guinean Kina (PGK) will be PGK 2. 3106/Aus$ and we make the suspicion that as the two monetary forms are significant world monetary forms that the market for these is proficient and relative buying power equality connection holds to a sensible guess. As such the conjecture yearly expansion rates are additionally shown in beneath table for every year. Accept the financing of both potential scenes is attempted i n the residential Australian market. The Australian one year yield rate is 4. 37% while the normal profit for the Australian ASX-All Share advertise portfolio is 14% and the beta between Darwin Mineral Exploration recorded value and the market portfolio is 0. 780. The Australian corporate expense rate is 30% and the default premium on the organizations recorded obligation is 11. half. The firm is totally financed by obligation and value with the last representing 40% of the monetary structure. Australia Initial Investment Year 1 2 3 4 Papua New Guinea Australia Aus$ 30,000,000 Forecast Inflation Rate 3. 20% 3. 60% 3. 00% 3. 20% Forecast Inflation Rate 6. 10% 6. 25% 6. 60% 7. 20% Papua New Guinea PGK 250,000,000 Operating Cash Flows Aus$ 10,000,000 Aus$ 20,000,000 Aus$ 15,000,000 Aus$ 12,000,000 PGK 80,000,000 PGK 120,000,000 PGK 126,000,000 PGK 200,000,000 What is the expense of obligation for the firm? a) What is the expense of value for the firm? b) What is the WACC for the firm? c) Estimate the spot conversion scale for every year and utilize this to recalibrate the Papua New Guinean incomes into their Aus$ identical d) Calculate which of the two settings Perth, Western Australia or Papua New Guinea is probably going to be most financially practical and gainful utilizing this Net Present Value equation [Hint: utilize the expense of money to limit every individual money flow] Answer: a) What is the expense of obligation for the firm? Given the firm is financed regarding household Australian market this is the Australian hazard free rate in addition to the firm’s default chance premium on this I. e. Pre-charge cost of obligation = Risk Free Rate + Default Risk Premium = 4. 37% + 11. half = 15. 87% b) What is the expense of value for the firm? Review the CAPM equation for the normal returns (also called cost of value) for a stock or portfolio: Costof Equity ? Rstock ? RRiskFree ? ? ( RMarket ? RRiskFree ) So Cost of Equity = 4. 37% + 0. 9780*(14% 4. 37%) = 13. 788% c) What is the WACC for the firm? We are informed that the firm is totally financed by value and obligation. We are additionally informed that value represents 40% of budgetary structure. Likewise don’t overlook the significance of corporate duty rate at 28% WACC ? E D * K value ? (1 ? ? ) * K obligation * V WACC ? (0. 40) *13. 788% ? (1 ? 0. 30) *15. 87% * (0. 60) ? 12. 181% So the WACC = 12. 18% d) Estimate the spot swapping scale for every year and utilize this to recalibrate the Papua New Guinea incomes into their Aus $ equal We are given the present spot conversion scale between Papua New Guinean Kina and Aus $ I. e. PGK 2. 13106/Aus$. For the anticipated multi year future range of the undertaking in every setting we are given the expansion rates. So the assessed spot conversion scale for every year (given relative PPP holds) is: Estimated Ex Rate Year 1: 1 ? ? PGK 1 ? (6. 10/100) SYear1 ? Scurrent(Year0 ) * ? PGK 2. 13106/Aus$ * Aus$ 1? ? 1 ? (3. 20/100) ? PGK 2. 19094/Aus$ Estimated Ex Rate Year 2: 1 ? ? PGK 1 ? (6. 25/100) SYear2 ? SYear1 * ? PGK 2. 19094/Aus$ * Aus$ 1? ? 1 ? (3. 60/100) ? PGK 2. 24699/Aus$ Estimated Ex Rate Year 3: 1 ? ? PGK 1 ? (6. 60/100) ? PGK 2. 24699/Aus$ * 1 ? ? Aus$ 1 ? (3. 00/100) ? PGK 2. 32552/Aus$ SYear3 ? SYear2 * Estimated Ex Rate Year 4: 1 ? ? PGK 1 ? (7. 20/100) SYear4 ? SYear3 * ? PGK 2. 32552/Aus$ * 1 ? ? Aus$ 1 ? (3. 20/100) ? PGK 2. 41566/Aus$ So we have an expected arrangement of spot trade rates, in particular: Year 1: PGK 2. 19094/Aus $ Year 2: PGK 2. 24699/Aus $ Year 3: PGK 2. 32552/Aus $ Year 4: PGK 2. 41566/Aus $ e) Calculate which of the two settings An or B is probably going to be most financially suitable and beneficial utilizing this Net Present Value recipe [Hint: utilize the expense of funding to limit every individual money flow] Perth, Western Australia CF0 = - 30,000,000 Discounting of incomes: Year 1: 10,000,000 ? 8,914,192. 84 ? 1 ? 0. 1218? 1 20,000,000 ? 15,892,566. 78 ? 1 ? 0. 1218? 2 Year 2: Year 3: 15,000,000 ? 10,625,205. 37 ? 1 ? 0. 1218? 3 Year 4: 12,000,000 ? 7,577,210. 37 ? 1 ? 0. 1218? 4 Overall NPV = - 30,000,000+ Sum (Discounted Cash Flows) = Aus $ 13,009,175. 36 Papua New Guinea CF0 = PGK 250,000,000 = (250,000,000/PGK 2. 13106/Aus $) = Aus $ 117,312,511. 14 Discounting of incomes: Year 1: ? 80,000,000 ? ? PGK 2. 19094/Aus $ ? ? ? ? 32,549,224. 64 1 ? 1 ? 0. 1218? Year 2: ?120,000,000 ? ? PGK 2. 24699/Aus $ ? ? ? ? 42,437,007. 17 2 ? 1 ? 0. 1218? Year 3: ?126,000,000 ? PGK 2. 32552/Aus $ ? ? ? ? 38,379,215. 38 3 ? 1 ? 0. 1218? Year 4: ? 200,000,000 ? ? PGK 2. 41566/Aus $ ? ? ? ? 52,278,423. 07 4 ? 1 ? 0. 1218? Generally NPV = Aus $ 13,009,175. 36 + Sum (Discounted Cash Flows) = Aus $ 48,331,359. 11 Choice of scene is: Papua New Guinea (most elevated positive NPV) 2. A German based firm, has a remote money named receivable to a Peruvian exchanging accomplice due in 270 days of Peruvian Neuvo Sol 35,000,000. As CFO and given the data in the table underneath you need to assess and recognize four supporting techniques and conclude which is best. Spot swapping scale Multi month forward rate Firm’s best gauge of spot rate in nine months Firm’s WACC (weighted normal expense of capital) Multi month Peruvian obtaining financing cost (per annum) Multi month Peruvian loaning loan cost (per annum) Multi month German acquiring financing cost (per annum) Multi month German loaning loan cost (per annum) Put choice close at-the-cash strike value Put choice premium (payable at time alternative agreement is composed) Number of days in a year Number of days in a month Peru N-Sol 3. 4573/Euro Peru N-Sol 3. 500/Euro Peru N-Sol 3. 3500/Euro 7. 5% 4% per annum 3% per annum 6% per annum 8% per annum Peru N-Sol 3. 4500/Euro 1. 5% 360 30 I) What is the most probable incentive in nine months if position whenever left un-supported? ii) What is the worth is a forward agreement is utilized as a support? iii) What is the worth if a Money advertise support is utilized? iv) What is the terminal worth if a Call alternative support is utiliz ed? v) As CFO which of these supporting methods would you suggest and why? Answers I) What is the most probable incentive in a quarter of a year if position whenever left un-supported? Leaving the position unhedged will bring about the record receivable, specifically Peru Neuvo Sol 35,000,000 separated by spot conversion scale in 9 months (270 days): I. e. Un-supported worth = Peru Neuvo Sol 35,000,000/Peru N-Sol 3. 3500/Euro = Euro 10,447,761. 19 ii) What is the worth is a forward agreement is utilized as a fence? A â€Å"forward hedge† includes a forward agreement and a wellspring of assets to satisfy that agreement. The forward agreement is gone into at the time the introduction is made I. e. at the present time (t=0) when the offer of good to Peruvian organization was entered on account record articulation as a record receivable. So as to â€Å"cover† the introduction danger of antagonistic developments in the outside conversion standard in 9 months from now influencing the estimation of the cash due in the record receivable. So given the firm anticipates

Looking At Heroic Code In The Iliad English Literature Essay

Seeing Heroic Code In The Iliad English Literature Essay In book 9 of The Iliad, the best case of saints, Achilles, inquiries in mid-path about the chivalrous code. Nonetheless, it is only a breaking start for the procedure in looking for another perspective about what and how to develop a genuine saint. Through a hopeless misfortune and capacity to identify with different characters in the book, at last, Achilles winds up that procedure with an exercise: Rather than the respect picked up in the fight, a saint is additionally motivated by the connectedness to others, battling for the endurance of their city, families and friends. Achilless doubt about the genuine estimation of gallant code raises another point of view to the Iliads perusers, giving them how the chivalrous world may look from the situation outside it. At first, it appears to bode well that Nothing merits my life, not all the wealth/They state Troy held before the Greeks came, (9.415-16) Achilles stated, when he has a lot of ownership, and those respect giving material endowments are not a value while pay for a mind-blowing loss on the fight. Likewise, it is difficult to question when he condemns the pointlessness of the brave framework: Coward and legend get a similar prize:/You pass on whether you slack off or work. (9.326-27) However, those contentions are just abstract and connected with visual impairment. The discourse of Phoenix, one of the ministers and Achilles cherished old coach, completely answers Achilles concern and calls attention to what Achilles can't see. He recounts to the account of Meleager, a man who was wronged and would n ot protect his nation. He resigned in his live with his dearest spouse and avoided the battling until the second when his city was going to be devastated. He understood that his wifes wellbeing could be undermined if his nation lost in the war. In this way, he came back to fight and battled for his city, yet by then Meleager simply won little respect. Phoenixs story reacts to Achilles allegation that blessings are deficient remuneration for battling by indicating that there are as yet different reasons other than respect why individuals lose their lives for battling. That is a result of their family, their dear companions, and any obligations of fellowship in a little network. Now, the family idea and the interrelation between people become uncovering as an essential part of courageous code. This thought gradually creates in further Book through Achilles relationship to others on an individual premise. It is simply after Patroclus passing that Achilles acknowledges what is absent in his past allegation, which likewise features those above recently discovered points of view of human connectedness. A saint, obviously, must satisfy his status in battle on the front line, to get regarded for himself; furthermore, it is focused on that he needs to regard his family, demonstrate reliability to his companions, and secure his friends. Achilles learns this valuable exercise after a hopeless misfortune: A fog dark melancholy wrapped Achilles/He gathered up fistfuls of burned from the sun dust/And poured it on his head, fouling/His delightful face à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦ (18.23-26) The word envelope is utilized adroitly as, similar to a letter is secured underneath another thick paper, Achilles stalls out in a befuddling pondering if his own respect is an extreme reason he is looking for all through the entirety of his falsehood, or his cozy relationship with sidekicks matters more to his actual cour ageous worth. He gets lost. He clashes with himself. The picture of obstinate man with solid allegation toward the start vanishes; rather, that man is acting unwittingly: He gathered up fistfuls of burned from the sun dust/And poured it on his head, fouling/His excellent face à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦ (18.24-26) Beautiful face is a pleasant representation for the picture of a perfect saint which Achilles erroneously exaggerates for himself, and residue can be comprehended as the power for Achilles to break against that landmark and come to the underneath obvious brave code. Presently, Achilles starts to see life and associations with others from a human perspective. Patrocluss demise is a solid token of those different purposes behind battling that Achilles overlooks in his underlying sabotaging of respect. In a material human world, saints may prize the prize and economic wellbeing as an outcome of winning the battling, yet they are additionally spurred by the energy for the city they secure and by the adoration for family and companion they profoundly include. Family and profound obligation of fellowship likewise participate in building the ethical angle in a genuine saints character. This energizes the perusers significantly adjacent to many grisly fierce slaughtering scenes all through the book. In the scene Priam takes payoff to request Hectors cadaver back for an appropriate entombment, the perusers can observer another side in Achilles conduct that never plays out: loaded with true graciousness and compassion. Contrasted and the extraordinary brutality when Achilles unfeelingly hauls Hectors body around the dividers of Troy, this move altogether amazes the perusers. Priam crouched in sorrow at Achilles feet, cried/And groaned delicately for his man-killing Hector. (24.547-49) Homer uses the action word cluster, by one way or another conversely with high status of Priam, a lord, to show that passing is no boundary to the respect and greatness accomplished throughout everyday life. Priams asking doesn't shame him; rather, he does that f or the sake of his relative. This activity really catches Achilles pity and separates his opposition. Achilles realizes that his destiny is to kick the bucket at Troy and stay away for the indefinite future home in Phthia. He understands how urgent his dad, Peleus, feels once he realizes that tragic updates on his child, which may happens to Priam if Achilles doesn't return Hectors carcass to him. What's more, Achilles sobbed for this dad and/For Patroclus. The sound occupied the room. (24.550-51) just any article that is obvious and have weight can occupy a space, yet Homer uses that action word for the sound to show that, this time, Achilles tear has esteem since he as of now learns his slip-up in self-assimilation and changes himself to think about different people groups sentiments. At last, he reaches to his way of life as a human, relinquishing his past unpleasant shock, and imparting the sorrow of misfortune to different humans. Liberality, or absolution, additionally builds a genuine saint. This is a valuable exercise that Achilles learns till the end. The Iliad, put aside the entirety of the severe slaughtering scenes, is a work profoundly worried about the genuine estimation of chivalrous framework. In particular, the scrutinizing of Achilles in Book 9 raises another knowledge for the Iliads perusers. The legends splendid execution in the front line is major to keep up his status. Besides, he needed to satisfy his duty as per his family, companions, and network as a rule.

Constructive trusts - Free Essay Example

Question A constructive trusts Constructive trusts are Trusts that Arise By Operation of the Law (TABOLs). This means that the law has imposed these trusts under certain circumstances. The law automatically creates an equitable title for beneficiaries in the property of the legal owner. They, are then, distinct from intentional trusts (which the settlor creates himself by using his power of ownership to create a trust). Constructive trusts may be imposed by the law in three circumstances; where a vendor of property fails or refuses to execute the necessary documents to transfer legal title to the recipient, equity states that the vendor holds the property on constructive trust for the recipient from the moment the contract of sale is signed. Secondly, where legal title to property is transferred to a third party in breach of an existing trust, the recipient can be described as a constructive trustee so that the original beneficiary can still claim his equitable interest. Finally, a constructive trust arises where individuals acquire an interest in anotherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s property because of their à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“past dealings or relationship with the owner.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [1] This is the category which is relevant in this instance, and the most common one of its t ype is the constructive trust of the family home. In basic terms, a constructive trust of the family home arises where two people (usually spouses) cohabit, and although the legal title to the property is in the name of only one, the other relies on an informal agreement of joint ownership to his or her detriment. This party will acquire an equitable interest in the property under a constructive trust. The individual must show, however, that she has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“altered her position in reliance upon the agreement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ thereby acquiring an enforceable interest à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ by way either of a constructive trust or a proprietary estoppelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Lloyds Bank plc v Rossett). The law alters the legal ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s property rights in what is usually the most significant asset owned. Oakleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s comment (above) reflects an ambivalence within the legal profession towards the constructive trust as a whole, and in particular those of the fam ily home. This is based upon the fact that it is a largely arbitrary device, imposed or withheld in each case on the merits of that case, based on a consideration of what is just and equitable. The constructive trust, then, is a creature of equity which seeks to bring justice where the strict letter of the law would deliver an unjust solution. By its nature, then, it is unpredictable, which accounts for the suspicion surrounding it. Added to this is the fact that the power of equity in this case has not been informed by entirely coherent principles. A constructive trust may be imposed subject to proof of three elements. The first of these is a bargain (or common intention). This can be express or implied; that is to say the courts may infer a common intention from the partiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ conduct (Gissing v Gissing, per Lord Diplock). This is the so-called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"common intentionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ approach, which was laid down in Pettitt v Pettitt. Secondly, there mu st be a demonstrable change in position based upon any agreement by the person seeking to establish an equitable interest. This is usually shown by proving that the person incurred a detriment or made a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"material sacrificeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in response to some bargain for beneficial entitlement (Gissing v Gissing). This change in position will usually include financial contributions or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the devotion of onerous labour to a joint ventureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[2] Finally, there must be what is known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"equitable fraudà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, or the unconscionable denial of rights. This arises where the legal owner tries to deny any bargain (which has been established) by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“asserting the absolute, exclusive or unqualified nature of his own rights.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [3] These three requisite features were most clearly displayed in the case of Bannister v Bannister, where a lady conveyed her freehold interest in two properties to her brother-in-l aw at low rates, on the oral condition that she should be allowed to live in one of them rent-free for the remainder of her life. When the brother-in-law sought to evict her, the court held that the brother-in-law held his legal title on constructive trust, thereby giving effect to the beneficial life interest granted to the lady. A striking feature of the constructive trust of the family home is its similarity to proprietary estoppel, which is another means by which rights in land may be created informally. It has even been suggested that there is no real difference between these two strands of doctrine (Birmingham Midshires Mortgage Services Ltd v Sabherwal). It is also the case that the significance of the constructive trust in the family home has been much reduced in the case of spouses (its real significance being found in the case of other unmarried cohabitees, including same-sex couples, parents and unmarried children and others)). This is because in the case of spouses, i t would commonly arise on the breakdown of a relationship, and the courts are empowered by statute to alter property rights in these circumstances.[4] A key feature of Pettitt v Pettitt was the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reluctance to afford the courts a general jurisdiction to rearrange the property rights of cohabitees on the breakdown of their relationship in whatever way seemed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fair and just in all the circumstancesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This pre-empted much of the uncertainty that could have arisen as a result of this type of constructive trust, but other areas persist. In many cases, for example, it is unclear whether the extent of reliance has matched what was expected under the parties common understanding. This problem was identified by Browne-Wilkinson VC in Grant v Edwards. Although there is a degree of uncertainty surrounding the constructive trust, then, and a high level of overlap with proprietary estoppel, the uncertainty ha been reduced by the courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ general reluctance to afford themselves an open-ended jurisdiction to alter property rights, as seen in Pettitt v Pettitt, and the fact that the various developmental strands of the doctrine have been drawn together in the case of Lloyds Bank plc v Rossett, in which the House of Lords delivered a unanimous verdict. As Penner states, this is now the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“authoritative enunciationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of the basic principles, and has reduced the lack of certainty considerably.[5] Question B problem question In this scenario, the property 8 Emerald Way is purchased in the sole name Mary. That means that she has sole legal title to the property, which in turn means that Philip does not own the legal title. At first sight, then, this situation looks promising for Mary when the relationship breaks down, as it would suggest that she, as sole legal owner, can exercise those rights associated with ownership that one would usually expect; most significantly in this s cenario, the power of sale. The situation is not that simple, however. Judging by the facts of the case, it seems certain that the courts would conclude that a constructive trust had arisen in favour of Philip. There is a further problem for Mary which relates to the contract of sale into which she has entered with Sam. This will be dealt with in turn, but it certainly seems likely that Philip will come off best. A constructive trust of the family home arises when three conditions are met. Firstly, there must be a bargain (or common intention) between the parties. This may be implied (inferred from the partiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ conduct) or express. In this situation, it does not appear there was an express bargain made. The fact that there was a specific reason for the legal title to be put in the sole name of Mary (in order to avoid claims from creditors endangering the property if Philipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business ran into difficulty), however, could be seen to constitute a ba rgain. It is, however, sufficient that there is a common intention to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“confer or share some definable beneficial interest in the property concernedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Bannister v Bannister). As it appears that it was the partiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ intention to share the beneficial ownership of the property, this condition of the constructive trust is met. This is a positive situation for Philip, but not so positive for Mary. The second aspect of a constructive trust is that the party seeking to establish a beneficial interest has changed his or her position in reliance upon the bargain (Gissing v Gissing). This additional requirement is a response to the statutory provision that an oral declaration of a trust of land is unenforceable.[6] Again, it seems likely in the present scenario, that Philip would have little trouble establishing detrimental reliance upon the bargain. We are not informed how the 5% deposit of  £5,000 was paid, but it seems likely that it wa s paid in equal shares by Mary and Philip. On top of this, the utility bills and general household expenses have been paid by Philip. These may be considerable. The fact that he bought the coupleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s new car, and funded their recent holiday to Corfu would add to this, as it has been held that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“indirect expenditure on the household or otherwise comprise a sufficient change of position for the purpose of founding à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a constructive trust.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [7] If Philip is relying upon an implied bargain to share beneficial ownership as opposed to an express agreement, as seems likely in this case, the courts will require much more stringent proof of detriment on his part. The courts would largely be preoccupied with contributions of a monetary nature. In Lloyds Bank plc v Rossett, Lord Bridge doubted that anything less than à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“direct contributions to the purchase priceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  would be sufficient evidence of a detrimental change in position. It seems to be in favour of Maryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case that the only direct financial contribution which Philip made to the purchase price was, possibly, half of the initial 5% deposit. It is significant that although it seems likely that the courts would find there to be a constructive trust in favour of Philip, that does not necessarily mean that they would be found to own the beneficial interest in equal shares. The court would be free to attribute whatever ownership shares it thought appropriate and fair (Midland Bank plc v Cooke). This would argue in favour of Mary, as she has undoubtedly made more financial contribution to the property through the mortgage repayments that Philip has. In Eves v Eves, for example, the claimant redecorated the entire house, demolished a garden shed, and prepared the garden for turfing. The Court of Appeal awarded her a one-quarter share under a constructive trust. From Samà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s point of view, the construc tive trust in favour of Philip will probably be found to bind Sam as well (as happened, for example, in Williams Glynà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s Bank Ltd v Boland). Before entering the contract for sale, Sam should have made such enquiries as were reasonable to discover Philipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest. If a constructive trust is found in favour of Philip, then, he remains the beneficiary while Sam would become the constructive trustee. Mary would be liable to Philip for whatever monetary loss Philip has incurred. In summary, then, Maryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s position with regard to claiming sole ownership of the property is not very strong. Although she is the sole legal owner, it seems likely that the courts will impose a constructive trusteeship on her in relation to Philipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s beneficial share of the property. This may not be a 50% share, but it is certainly likely to be something. The contract of sale is subject to the constructive trust, and Philip would have a direct mo ney claim against Mary for losses suffered. BIBLIOGRAPHY Statutes Law of Property Act 1925 Matrimonial Property and Proceedings Act 1970 Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 Cases Bannister v Bannister [1948] 2 All ER 133 Birmingham Midshires Mortgage Services Ltd v Sahara [2000] 80 P CR 256, CA Eves v Eves [1975] 1 WLR 1338, CA Gissing v Gissing [1971] AC 886 Grant v Edwards [1986] Ch 638 Lloyds Bank plc v Rossett [1991] 1 AC 107 Midland Bank plc v Cooke [1995] 4 All ER 562, CA Pettitt v Pettitt [1970] AC 777 Williams Glynà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s Bank Ltd v Boland [1981] AC 487 Secondary sources Gray, K., and Gray, S.F., Elements of Land Law (Oxford, 2005) Martin, J.E., Modern Equity (London, 2001) Penner, J.E., The Law of Trusts (LexisNexis, 2004) Footnotes [1] Penner, J.E., The Law of Trusts (LexisNexis, 2004), p.127 [2] Gray, K., and Gray, S.F., Elements of Land Law (Oxford, 1995), p.937 [3] Gray, K., and Gray, S.F., Land Law (Butterworths, 2003), p.288 [4] Matrimonial Property and Proceedings Act 1970, s37, and Matrimonial Causes Act 1973, s24 [5] Penner, p.133 [6] Law of Property Act 1925, s53(1)(b) [7] Gray and Gray, p.297

Improving Environmental Sustainability in Restaurant Business Essaypilot

Abstract The aim of this research proposal is to investigate the ways of improving environmental sustainability in the restaurant business. Several journals relevant to the restaurant setting in terms of customer satisfaction and management will be delved into in this paper. Questionnaires will be self-administered and distributed to consumers in twenty full-service restaurants. Collection of data will be done through the construction of charts and tables used in obtaining a comprehensive result (Wolf, 2015). Restaurants will be able to use this proposal to find the best ways of improving environmental sustainability in the restaurant business. Statement of the Problem There is increased research not only in price and the quality of the merchandise itself but also provision of pleasant and exciting shopping atmosphere. Most studies which focus on the impacts of store environment on retail market behavior but few have explored on improving environmental sustainability in the hospitality industry, especially in the restaurant business (Fukuhara et al, 2014). Most researchers have carried out some surveys on the influences of restaurants on the environment but the summary of impacts are not exhaustively worked upon and thus becomes insufficient (Rabinowitz, 2016). This study will summarize all impacts, so the restaurant owners and managers will find this study significant. The research questions will be what environmental effects does restaurant business have on consumers? Will the restaurants environmental impacts be influenced by making responsible decisions? Literature Review In order to deal with the relations between environment and individual responses to stimuli, Mehrabian and Russell (1974) presented a very good model in psychology. The M-R model used by some researchers to an environment can be grouped as either approach or avoidance behavior. Good environment is stated to cause approach behavior and include spending and repeat purchase (chang, 2000). Methodology Design and Instrumentation The reason for this research is to find out ways of improving restaurants environmental sustainability. Self-administered questionnaires will be used to collect data as per consumers perceptions of the restaurants on the environment. The first part of the questionnaire will contain attributes reflecting employees perception of the environment and atmospherics. The second part will be participants dining satisfaction level. A five-point Likert scale range will be used from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The third part would be a general question on individual recommendations to improve sustainability. Sampling, Data Collection and Analysis Sampling will be random and a sample size of twenty respondents will be used. Participation will be voluntary and a survey will be held as customers wait to be served. At the end of the survey, the frequency of each response will be computed to prepare tables and charts. All the statistical tests will use the standard alpha level (ОÂ ± = .05). The analysis will pose the general idea about consumersÐ ² attitude to the restaurants environment. Owners and managers of the same will benefit from this and improve environmental sustainability. References Fukuhara, T., Tenmoku, R., Okuma, T., Ueoka, R., Takehara, M., Kurata, T. (2014). Improving service processes based on visualization of human-behavior and POS data: A case study in a Japanese restaurant. InÐ’ Serviceology for ServicesÐ’ (pp. 3-13). Springer Japan.Rabinowitz, M. (2016). Assessing the Effect of Social Networks on Employee Creativity in a Fast-Food Restaurant Environment.T hompson, R. (2015).Ð’ Counseling techniques: Improving relationships with others, ourselves, our families, and our environment. Routledge.Wolf, J. W. (2015). Guest perceptions of wait times using tablet technology in restaurant environmentÐ’ (Doctoral dissertation, University of MissouriColumbia).`

Why Is There Chlorine in Tap Water

Chlorine is a highly efficient disinfectant, and it is added to public water supplies to kill disease-causing bacteria that the water or its transport pipes might contain. â€Å"Chlorine has been hailed as the savior against cholera  and various other waterborne diseases, and rightfully so,† says Steve Harrison, president of water filter maker Environmental Systems Distributing. â€Å"Its disinfectant qualities†¦have allowed communities and whole cities to grow and prosper by providing disease-free tap water to homes and industry.† The Pros and Cons of Chlorine But Harrison says that all this disinfecting has not come without a price: Chlorine introduced into the water supply reacts with other naturally-occurring elements to form toxins called trihalomethanes (THMs), which eventually make their way into our bodies. THMs have been linked to a wide range of human health maladies ranging from asthma and eczema to bladder cancer and heart disease. In addition, Dr. Peter Montague of the Environmental Research Foundation cites several studies linking moderate to heavy consumption of chlorinated tap water by pregnant women with higher miscarriage and birth defect rates. A recent report by the non-profit Environmental Working Group concluded that from 1996 though 2001, more than 16 million Americans consumed dangerous amounts of contaminated tap water. The report found that water supplies in and around Washington, D.C., Philadelphia and Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania, and the Bay Area in California were putting the greatest number of people at risk, although 1,100 other smaller water systems across the country also tested positive for high levels of contaminants. â€Å"Dirty water going into the treatment plant means water contaminated with chlorination byproducts coming out of your tap,† said Jane Houlihan, EWG’s Research Director. â€Å"The solution is to clean up our lakes, rivers, and streams, not just bombard our water supplies with chlorine.† Alternatives to Chlorine Eliminating water pollution and cleaning up our watersheds are not going to happen overnight, but alternatives to chlorination for water treatment do exist. Dr. Montague reports that several European and Canadian cities now disinfect their water supplies with ozone instead of chlorine. Currently, a handful of U.S. cities do the same, most notably Las Vegas, Nevada and Santa Clara, California. Those of us who live far from Las Vegas or Santa Clara, though, do have other options. First and foremost is filtration at the faucet. Carbon-based filters are considered the most effective at removing THMs and other toxins. The consumer information website WaterFilterRankings.com compares various water filters on the bases of price and effectiveness. The site reports that filters from Paragon, Aquasana, Kenmore, GE, and Seagul remove most if not all of the chlorine, THMs and other potential contaminates in tap water. Concerned consumers without the money to spend on home filtration, though, can just rely on good old-fashioned patience. Chlorine and related compounds will make their way out of tap water if the container is simply left uncovered in the refrigerator for 24 hours. That old trick is well known to those taking care of house plants. Edited by Frederic Beaudry

Going to College, Living at Home Tips to Make It Work

Everyone associates the college experience with dorm life but the fact is, not every young adult lives on campus. If your child is going to a community college or a commuter university close to home, chances are hes going to be rooming with Mom and Dad—and theres going to be an adjustment period for both of you. There are other options, of course, but the majority of community college kids live at home or in an apartment. Starting college is a major rite of passage, one that is both exciting and anxiety-producing. So on the upside, your child gets to go through that process from the comfort of home, where the food is vastly better than the dining commons, and the bathroom is shared by just a few people, not 50. There are definite benefits for parents too. Your food bill may stay high, but youll still save $10,000 or more a year on room and board bills. Youll have the company of a bright, interesting student living in your home. And you wont have to worry about the empty nest blues yet. Tips For Living At Home While In College It can be difficult for commuter students to make new friends and settle into college life without a dormitorys sense of instant community and the ice-breaking help of an R.A. So here are  tips to help smooth that transition for both of you: College students enjoy considerably more freedom than high schoolers when they live in the dorms, but when college kids live at home, friction can arise over young adults living their own lives. Parents need to have open and honest communication with their now-college age children who both deserve and require more independence.Its tough to feel grown-up in a bedroom with childish  decor. Encourage your college student to redecorate his room (or at least replace the posters) or set aside a lounge area so he has somewhere to hang with new friends. If you have a basement or other separate living space, you might want to consider turning it over to your young adult—or young adults. A microwave, a coffee maker, and a water filter are good enough to get started on creating a separate kitchen, and if theres a separate entrance to the space, even better.That said, your young adults  bedroom may be a quiet place, but encourage him to study on-campus, at the library, in the quad or campus coffeehouse or wherever other students congregate. Meeting up with classmates in study groups is a terrific way to meet new people and establish new relationships post-high school. Its easy to socialize with old friends, but its important to make new friends, too.If your young adult wants to invite friends to your home, be sure to stay out of their way. Unlike high school when there was a natural connection between you and your kids friends due to familiarity, proximity, and years of friendship, new friends are adults and should be respected and treated as such. Dont linger when you say hello, just let them have their time.Urge your child to attend his colleges orientation session. If there is a parent session, plan to go. Your presence sends your child a critical message: that his college education is important to you. Community college may not be what everyone imagines when they think of getting their college education, but its an excellent and important start to higher lea rning and can offer many options after the two years have been completed.Encourage him to get involved in extra-curricular activities on campus by joining clubs or intramural sports teams. Its impossible to meet new people without taking a risk and putting yourself out there, and your young adult may not feel comfortable doing that at first—but encourage him to keep trying. The friends he makes in college could be with him for the rest of his life. Academics are the priority, but by feeling involved and part of the school, your young adult will be more committed to going to class and finishing his education.

Essay about Natural Equality and Civil Society - 1272 Words

Natural Equality and Civil Society According to John Locke in his Second Treatise of Government, natural equality is an essential component of the state of nature; the ‘state of nature being one of peace, tranquility, and equality, where there is no common power guided by reason. However, the lack of common power also supplies an inconvenience for the state of nature– the aptitude to fall into a state of war with no means to escape it. To avoid this inconvenience, Locke finds it a necessity to form civil society ruled by a common authority of law. For a such government to preserve its legitimacy, the transition into civil society must maintain some degree of equality. The origination of property, the introduction†¦show more content†¦If all human beings are to use the earth to their ‘best advantage and the earth is the common property of all, someone somewhere will have conflicting interests with another human being over the possession of some thing. 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The Importance of Disctinction Between Knowledge and...

The Importance of Disctinction Between Knowledge and Belief in Philosophy To try and decipher the distinction between knowledge and belief we must first understand what the meaning of Philosophy is. In its simplest definition it translates to â€Å"the love of wisdom† taken from the Greek word â€Å"philo† which means love and â€Å"sophia† meaning wisdom. Philosophers love to know the truth about the general principles of the world and they pursue the truth in these. Through the ages many philosophers have been on a personal quest to discover the principles of the universe and explain what is meant by knowledge and belief. An opinion, statement or teaching can be a belief and to believe means to regard or†¦show more content†¦John Locke (1632-1674) another, empiricist, believed that at birth a mind is like a blank page and we obtain knowledge through our senses. He broke this down in to two types, sensation which he defined as input from the senses such as smell, taste and sight and secondly, reflection, which were the different operations of the mind such as thinking and believing. Some would say that Empiricists views of how we attain knowledge through senses could be misleading since our senses can deceive us. For example, you see someone walking down the street and think it is your friend and wave only to discover it was someone entirely different. We believed our senses but they were mistaken. Where rationalists differ is that they believe knowledge is derived from our reasoning and thoughts. In 1912, Bertram Russell (1872-1970) wrote Problems in Philosophy, in which he states ‘is there any knowledge in the world which is so certain that no reasonable man could doubt it?’ At first this question may not seem so difficult to answer but in reality it is probably one of the hardest. Russell believed that if he were sitting at a chair behind a desk with paper and books on it that any other normal person who came in to the room would see the same chair, desk, paper and books as him. However, in reality each person is seeing through his own eyes and therefore the interpretations may

Consequences of Winding Up free essay sample

The liquidator has no power to carry on business with a view to resuscitating the company or making profits. The liquidator shall carry on the business of the company principally to enable the business to be sold off as a going concern. 2. A transfer of shares may be carried out only with the sanction of the liquidator. In effect, the membership of the company is frozen once winding up commences. 3. The directors and certain other officers of the company are under a duty to assist and cooperate with the liquidator. 4 4. Where the company has either bought property from or sold property to a person who was at the time of the transaction a director of the company for cash consideration and the transaction occurred within 2 years before the commencement of the winding up, the company may recover any amount by which the property was overvalued or undervalued. 5. Where the company has gone into liquidation within 6 months of the creation of a floating charge, that charge is void except to cover the amount of cash advanced to the company at the time of creation or subsequently, together with interest at 5% per annum. We will write a custom essay sample on Consequences of Winding Up or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The liquidator(s) appointed upon the winding up of the company to manage the affairs of the company for the purpose of the liquidation shall: 1. investigate the affairs and assets of the company as well as the conduct of its directors and other related persons; 2. recover and realise the company’s assets at the best possible price and in a manner that is to the best advantage to the company; and 3. adjudicate the claims of all creditors and to ensure an equitable distribution of the company’s assets. Distribution of Assets The company’s property is to be applied in satisfaction of its liabilities upon winding up, and the surplus distributed among the members according to their rights and interests in the company. Secured creditors need not prove for their debts but can realise their security and obtain full satisfaction. Once the secured creditors have been paid out of the assets that comprise their securities, the remainder of the assets, if any, will be distributed among the preferred creditors. The order of priority is as follows : . Costs and expenses of the winding up. 2. Wages and salaries of the employees of the company. 3. Retrenchment benefit or ex-gratia payment (if any) due to the employees of the company. 4. Compensation for injuries suffered in the course of employment under the Workmen’s Compensation Act (Cap 354). 5. Provident fund contributions payable in the â€Å"12 months next before, on or after the commencement of the winding up† under any written law or under any approved scheme of superannuation or retirement benefits. . Remuneration payable in respect of vacation leave accrued before or after the commencement of the winding up. 7. All taxes assessed before the commencement of the winding up or before the time fixed for the proving of debts has expired. Any residue remaining after payment of the creditors is divisible among the members in accordance with the company’s Memorandum and Articles of Association.

Cultural Determinants of Terrorism free essay sample

Orchestrated objectives within well-organized terrorist groups suggest that principles of organizational psychology apply to terrorist organizations, under the cultural influence of each one (Borum, 2004). There is much cause for optimism in understanding terrorist organizations, for as Alder and Gunderson (2008) write, â€Å"Luckily, we have learned that global complexity is neither unpredictable nor random† (p. v). The call for research has never been more pressing. Introduction â€Å"Terrorism is an elusive subject, evading precise political, jurisprudential, and cultural definition† (Oliveri, 2008, p. 49). It depends upon the definition of ‘terrorism’. â€Å"With over 100 definitions, this is not an easy task; there is no common understanding of what constitutes ‘terrorism’; no clear and universally acknowledged definition actually exists† (Franks, 2007, p. 2). The definition Munger (2006) proposes that is used for this paper is, â⠂¬Å"Culture is defined as the set of ‘inherited’ beliefs, attitudes, and moral strictures that a people use to distinguish outsiders, to understand themselves and to communicate with each other† (p. 131). The distinguishing characteristic of ‘them’ and ‘us’ is perhaps the fundamental belief generated within cultures that makes terrorism towards others possible. Whether viewed in terms of extremist Muslim culture or right-wing American culture, cultural identity supports the conflict of ideologies. Ward (2008) says, â€Å"Terrorism has taken the academic world by storm† (p. 248). The Psychology of Terrorism only became a legitimate academic study in 1982; â€Å"terrorism is far from a new phenomenon, traceable to the French Revolution and the Nihilists of 19th Century Russia† (Franks, 2007, p. ). Undoubtedly, it goes much further into the annals of history than the 19th Century, â€Å"the concept of terrorism had no meaning in history until the modern era† (Bratkowski, 2005, p. 764). Prior to modernity, terrorism was so much a part of daily culture it was normal behavior, without a specific word for it. In fact, for most of Christendom, â €Å"humankind has always provided a justification for killing and instilling terror in fellow humans† (p. 764). It is only recently that most cultures have placed a label of immorality on selective murder to achieve political or cultural ends. Our species has a protracted history and prehistory of terrorism. One might wonder why terrorism has â€Å"taken the academic world by storm†. Insights from Psychology â€Å"Terrorist violence most often is deliberate (not impulsive), strategic, and instrumental; it is linked to and justified by ideological (e. g. , political, religious) objectives and usually involves a group or multiple actors/supporters (Borum, 2004, p. 17). Since terrorist objectives originate within multinational organizations, principles of organizational psychology apply to all terrorist organizations, under the cultural milieu of the organization in question. What is now certain is that terrorism is not a psychopathological aberration, as was originally thought in psychoanalytical circles (Crenshaw, 1992). Terrorist organizations are composed of clear-headed individuals, often with advanced university degrees. Merari (1991) collected empirical data on suicide bombers, and found that psychopathology is almost never a factor in a terrorist’s profile. In fact, â€Å"prevalence of mental illness among samples of incarcerated terrorists is as low as or lower than in the general population† (Borum, 2004, p. 34). This is a clear indicator that we are dealing with psychologies of organization, and not groups of crazed sociopaths. Survival of the organization, a tenet of organizational psychology, has clear implications for the terrorist mindset (Post, 1989), even though â€Å"research on the psychology of terrorism largely lacks substance and rigor. While cultural factors are important, much study remains. â€Å"Future research should be operationally-informed; maintain a behavior based focus; and derive interpretations from analyses of incident-related behaviors† (Borum, 2004, p. 3). The main problem with such a venture might be that terrorists are not giving interviews or taking surveys. Borum points out that â€Å"there is a broad spectrum of terrorist groups and organizations, each of which has a different psychology, motivation and decision making structure† (p. 5). This further underscores the need to be on guard against the ‘stereotypical terrorist organization’: there is none. In a terrorist organization, â€Å"two key narcissistic dynamics are a grandiose sense of self and ‘idealized parental imago’. If one can’t be perfect, at least one can be in a relationship with something perfect† (Borum, 2004, p. 9). Association with a world figure such as Bin Laden satisfies this need; this can lead us back to US culture: promulgation and amplifying worldwide terrorism, via the news media. Bin Laden often makes the evening news, and every time he does, his ‘world stature’ is elevated, especially in the min ds of his followers. It the name Bin Laden was unknown, how much less effective would al-Qaeda become? Media has some degree of culpability, if not complicity in promulgating terrorism worldwide by providing free publicity to organizations and their cause. According to Paul Marsden (CPM, 2001, p. 1), â€Å"the amount of media coverage devoted to these events, by television networks and newspapers, correlates positively with the rise in subsequent `copycat events. This is darkly consistent with the substantial body of evidence for suicide contagion the idea that suicides beget suicide. † If distraught teenagers copy Columbine style shootings, how much more are suicide attacks from terrorist cells encouraged by watching the evening news? Unintentionally but effectively eulogizing angry teens and terrorists alike hold moral implications for the major news media, which need addressing by society. Organizational Psychology provides some insight: if a culture perceives it is losing its ability to contribute its share to the world stage, conflict will result (Rahim, 1986; Katz Kahn, 1978). Considering that entire cultures may feel they are losing their ability to contribute because of intervention of external cultures upon their own culture is likely one requisite to the creation of worldwide terror organization formation. Cultural factors of extremist Muslim society While many in the West view extremist Muslim terrorism as irrational behavior by deranged individuals, â€Å"it is perfectly possible to understand terrorism as a rational decision problem, if we accept the premise that culture matters† (Munger, 2006, p. 132). â€Å"Islamic societies, not exclusively, but perhaps to a greater extent than most other nations, are committed to an idea of the perfectibility of humans in societies, through moral education and imposition and enforcement of moral law (Sharia) based on the Quran† (p. 142). This religious adherence adds a great deal of resistance to compromise from outside cultures, and bolsters the extremist elements within Islamic society. Much of the cultural foundation of extremist Muslim culture is their unique interpretation of the Quran: â€Å"The contemporary terrorist mentality and culture, which are rooted in absolutist, either-or, good-and-evil world views, resist efforts to negotiate. Accommodation, bargaining, and mutually acceptable compromise are not envisioned as possibilities within many terrorists’ mental framework† (Smelser Mitchell, 2002, p. 1). It appears that once a terrorist organization is established, the only ways to eliminate it is either when they accomplish their objectives, to destroy them, or to take away their reason to exist, which will allow Skinnerian extinction to follow over time. The ‘destroy’ method is problematic and costly: how does one destroy an ideology? Islamic terrorists are well-connected using t echnology; their geographic locality is literally everywhere and nowhere. Culturally-attuned uses of information technology† are a major source of cross-cultural influences in the creation and sustaining of terrorist organizations (Bailey Grimaila, 2006, p. 534). Terrorist organizations are expert in spreading and sustaining their ideology around the world. Once indoctrinated into a group, people will generally follow orders, no matter how extreme or violent, as long as the individual perceives that the order was issued from the appropriate authority (Milgram, 1965). Cultural influences caused normal students at Stanford to transform into ‘merciless prison guards’; once given the role and the authority, al-Qaeda recruits mold easily to orders from Bin Laden. Not only do they have a physical authority, which relieves their individual conscience from objecting, but also they further believe that Allah Himself sanctions Bin Laden and themselves in their efforts to establish Sharia law throughout the world (Bailey Grimaila, 2006). There is substantial agreement that the psychology of terrorism cannot be considered apart from political, historical, familial, group dynamic, organic, and even purely accidental, coincidental factors† (Borum, 2004, p. 22). Borum also states, â€Å"Significant differences [exist] both in, 1) the nature and level of aggression in different cultures, and 2) aggression can be environmentally manipulated; both findings that argue against a universal human instinct [of violence]† (p. 12). Diamond (200 4) argues that environmental influences are paramount in understanding why cultures are the way they are. The Fertile Crescent, once the cornerstone of agriculture, became radically altered once all the forests were clear-cut, leaving mostly a barren desert environment. It is interesting to note that the foundation cultures which harbored the seeds of al-Qaeda all come from this former environmental paradise. Therefore, while culture probably has the most influence on the creation of terrorist organizations in the short term today, environment certainly has a large degree of impact over the long term, and might have a large impact in the short term via militaristic or political manipulation. For many critics, global or ‘hyper’ terrorism has become an ultimate expression of acutely depressed geopolitical chaos† (Ward, 2008, p. 252). Geopolitical chaos produces environments ripe with opportunity for recruiters toward the cause of terrorism. Without addressing and rectifying the chaotic areas of the world, it is highly doubtful, that global terrorism will end. Cultures th at feel oppressed or depraved on the world stage may rise in rebellion against the oppressing culture(s), with or without religious dictate. Muslim culture is producing the lion’s share of high-visibility terrorists in the world today (Borum, 2004). One way to understand Muslim culture as it relates to the creation of terrorism is to look at Hofstede’s dimensions. Generally, Islamic countries have large inequalities of status, forming a small ruling group, and a large ruled group with limited power. Hofstede (2001) shows, those Arab cultures have large Power Distance (PDI) (80) and Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) (68). When these two Dimensions are combined, it creates a situation where leaders have virtually ultimate power and authority. It is not unusual for new leadership to arise from armed insurrection – the ultimate power, rather than from diplomatic or democratic change† (Borum, 2004, p. 44). Virtually the only method available for the downtrodden in Arab society to express their need for change is by armed insurrection. This is a valuable insight into the cultural creation of Arab-based terr orism, possibly the most important one. Naturally, from the ‘terrorists’ point of view they are not terrorists at all but â€Å"freedom fighters†, fighting with their only available means to enact positive change. Does this mean efforts at establishing democracy in Muslim states are likely to fail? Cultural roots run deep, and are resistant to change by outside cultures (Weiten, 2004), so the question of democracy introduced and established by Westerners is a highly speculative venture. Finally, take the case of a female suicide bomber. It was originally assumed that the young woman who committed this act was â€Å"innocent, ignorant, and of questionable morality† (Brunner, 2007, p. 961). It is difficult for Westerners to imagine otherwise. Subsequent interviews revealed that she was educated, showed no signs of emotional disturbance, and was â€Å"as highly intelligent and more independent than other girls in her society, but still fully within the range of normal† (p. 961). The key point is that she was â€Å"fully within the range of normal†, according to the culture that she grew up within. By not understanding her culture, Western culture had labeled her â€Å"innocent, ignorant, and immoral†, overlooking key factors with which to fully understand why a mentally stable young woman would commit such an act, and more importantly, to be able to deal realistically with the rise of extremist terrorism through a lack of cultural understanding. Cultural factors of the United States There is a cultural precedence of powerful nations to label other nations as ‘evil’: a threat to ‘civilization’ (Ivie, 2005). In the U. S. , â€Å"this is a very old cultural theme, deeply ingrained into the political psyche† (p. 56). This cross-cultural mindset of powerful nations is one part in the creation of terrorists in weaker cultures, a type of self-fulfilling prophecy: the call to destroy the ‘barbarians that threaten democracy’ is an ancient one; Greece and Rome had similar ongoing open-ended campaigns against terrorists, as does the U. S. today (p. 55). The main trouble with an open-ended campaign is that it never ends†¦ another cultural perception that needs adjustment on the world stage in order to arrive at peace in the world. Looking at the cultural history of the US, the ‘savage’ has always been the object of distain and genocide, in order to ‘make way for civilization’ (Ivie, 2005). The genocide of indigenous peoples of the North American continent is well documented, even using biological terrorist tactics of germ warfare; giving ‘gifts’ of small-pox laden blankets to Indians without acquired immunity against devastating disease (Diamond, 1997). Oliverio (2008) writes, â€Å"It was also a matter of common sense that the Aryan race was superior. This taken-for-granted reality of Aryan superiority led to the extermination of millions of American Indians, millions of African slaves bound for America, and countless indigenous cultures throughout the world† (p. 21). Powerful cultures that label weaker cultures as savages are a powerful impetus to the creation of terrorism. It is a recent habit of the American Right to wage war against abstractions (Comaroff, 2007, p. 381). The line between metaphorical and real war, blurred beyond recognition, gives rise to such cultural terms as ‘the war against drugs’, ‘the war against poverty’, ‘the war against illegal immigration’ (Sherry, 1995), and has become the standard of cultural mind-set in America today. Again, the US has a â€Å"militarized world-view extended to declaring metaphorical wars on disease, crime, engaging in ‘trade wars’ with foreign competitors, and fighting ‘culture wars’ with one another† (p. 58). â€Å"Culture wars† is the main point in question: how can peace ever prevail if acts of war against culture prevail? Even the Olympic Games that followed 9/11 became a forum for the core Bush Doctrine (Falcous Silk, 2005). How does the reduction of civil liberties fare with the response to terrorism? Not allowing college professors to speak out against governmental policies associated with the war on terror (Crowson DeBacker, 2008, p. 296) is one form of right-wing authoritarianism that many Americans think needs implementation. A disturbing trend of loss of personal freedoms that some associate with fascism. Taken as a whole, US domestic and foreign policy regarding oil consumption, and support for oppressive regimes, is set aside in deference to critical scrutiny of individual behavior and the forms of ‘moral lassitude’ associated with a culture of dependency† (Hay Andrejevic, 2006, p. 344). So at least part of the U. S. cultural mindset is about securing its own economic interests at the expense of decency and fairness on the world stage. Many people think that the U. S. wo uld never have bothered with Iraq if they had no strategic oil supplies, especially in the Middle East and Europe. This belief can only inflame world tensions further. Understanding cross-cultural inter-dependencies A surprising interdependency, regards the Bush Administration itself. According to Kellner (2004), not only Jihadists are responsible for ‘spectacular acts of terror’, but also both Bush administrations. They deployed â€Å"Manichean discourses of good and evil which themselves fit into dominant media codes of popular culture; that both deploy fundamentalist and absolutist discourses† (p. 41). This is extremely similar to the â€Å"contemporary terrorist mentality and culture, which are rooted in absolutist, either-or, good-and-evil world views, resist efforts to negotiate† (Smelser Mitchell, 2002, p. 1). The Bush administration openly declares its refusal to communicate with terrorist organizations or states, which is absolutist. We know that incentives flourish within such organizations (Munger, 2006). Incentives usually take two forms: 1) recruit members that are prone to obey and please within a cultural setting (e. g. collectivist rather than individualist cultures), and 2) â€Å"Create a set of incentives that reward loyalty, by giving access to excludable near-public (â€Å"club†) goods† (p. 131). Mohammed Atta reportedly was â€Å"at a strip club spending a lot of money, shouting anti-American slogans, and left a copy of the Quran before he left† (USA TODAY, 2001, p. 1). This incident seems to have fallen under ‘club goods’ instead of operational funds, because it was the night before the hijackings, and such excessive cash was no longer needed. This says nothing of the influence U. S. culture had on Atta, a devout Muslim going to a strip club, one day before he â€Å"meets Allah†. There is no such thing as a ‘terrorist state’, in the absolute sense. Triandis, Bontempo, Villareal, Asai, and Lucca (1988) have shown that national cultures never equate to individual or subgroup cultures, so while a totalitarian governing body may indeed be a terrorist organization, the general populace can in no way be held accountable for the actions of a few. It is a stereotypical mistake to label an entire country as terrorist. It is important to realize that â€Å"both differences and similarities in behavior occur across and within cultures; psychological processes are characterized by both cultural variance and invariance† (Weiten, 2006, p24). Regrettably, â€Å"quite a few nations are culturally reasonably homogeneous† (Hofstede, 1998, p180), and this may mean that a few nations may be mostly extremist in their outlook. Discourses from the Bush administrations paralleled closely to speeches given by Hitler, Pope Urban II, and others: â€Å"an appeal to a legitimate power source external to the speaker; an appeal to the importance of the national culture under attack; the construction of an evil enemy; and an appeal for unification† (Graham, Keenan, Dowd, 2004, p. 213). Kellner (2004) feels that â€Å"the disparity between the vast amount of information freely available to all through multimedia sources, and the narrow vision presented on the major news media via television is a travesty†, and a major cultural factor responsible for the deployments of the Bush administrations’ controlled mass media (p. 61). While arguments that ‘freely available news sources from uncontrolled sources’ might suggest this no longer to be a cultural factor, culture by nature takes time to change, and most Americans probably place more credence in the evening news than the newer Internet sources (Kellner, 2003). Another example of how cross-cultural misunderstandings regularly occur between nations: â€Å"when one cultural message sender transmits information to another culture, chances of accurate transmission are reduced† (Alder Gunderson, 2008, p. 72), and when nations or organizations refuse to send information between cultures as both the Bush administration and the al-Qaeda organization currently do, virtually no chance of accurate transmission occurs. Stalemate results and wars go on, indefinitely; clear contributors to terrorism. Perhaps nowhere is the question of terrorism more complex than in the European Union: â€Å"European counterterrorism culture is a difficult concept due to the fact that the regional level of analysis encapsulates a range of different national cultures. Europe has always been a rich mixture of various cultures, and ‘terrorism’ is a culturally charged term† (Rees, 2007, p. 220), hence the difficulty in consensus. Conversely, in China, we could expect to find a unified definition of terrorism under the centralized government (Diamond, 1997). While China is suspect of â€Å"using the post-9/11 discourse of counterterrorism to cloak their own domestic priorities† (Rees, 2007, p. 224), most of their counterterrorism efforts are likely to gain support with the Chinese public as being in the accord of the countries best interest: China being a collectivistic nation. â€Å"Terrorists focus their recruitment where sentiments about perceived deprivation are deepest and most pervasive† (Borum, 2004). This helps us to understand why American involvement in Iraq actually helps create recruitment opportunities for al-Qaeda. Destroyed economies, infrastructure, and family support (via killed family members), create extreme deprivation, desperation to right cultural wrongs, and enrage cultural dictates for retribution (Borum, 2004). It even gives insight into where al-Qaeda might be concentrating recruitment efforts in America. For youth torn between two cultures in a foreign land, identity crisis may result from exposure to the foreign culture, and the chiasm between their parent’s cultures: â€Å"radicalism offers simple answers to the big questions they are grappling with† (Ongering, 2007, p. ). The human tendency to stereotype will easily adapt to simple answers rather than grapple with difficult questions (Weiten, 2004). Extrapolated, it may be easier to recruit a terrorist, than to prevent a person from taking up the cause in the first place. Does cultural pressure on a subgroup help to create violent extremists? Muslim communities in America, â€Å"Not only had their religion being p resented incorrectly, but its adherents were being equated with terrorists† (Baker, 2006, p. 302). Considering the degree that Muslim communities in the Western world are subject to intensified scrutiny, and even unwarranted acts of violence against them by US citizenry (Ward, 2008), a good assumption is that many young Muslims will adapt an extremist ideology in response to cultural threat (Sirin Fine, 2007), and some of those extremists will turn terrorist. It seems to be a never-ending spiral escalation of one cultural assault upon the other: the ‘Crusades’ continue†¦ It is a real ‘Which came first, the chicken or the egg? ’ question. Which side began this milieu of cultural attack and counterattack? Perceptions run the gamut: â€Å"The terrorist presents a story of heroism and necessary sacrifice. The counter-terrorist presents a counter-narrative of defiance and vengeance, replacing the image of the martyr with that of inhumanity, even bestiality† (Ward, 2008, p. 254). We reminded again of weaker cultures as ‘savage’, and as we have come to see, cross-culturally, nothing could be further from the truth from both extreme perspectives. Another cultural misunderstanding that may have helped to escalate tensions is the perception that the Muslim community in America did not stand up in unison and denounce the acts of 9/11 as atrocious. This initial silent response interpreted by many Americans as tantamount to condoning such acts of terrorism (Munro, 2006). Paradoxically, this lack of public outcry may have been the result of Muslim culture itself, with the majority of Muslims feeling that it was obvious that they had nothing to do with the attacks, and therefore no reason to take a public stand (Munro, 2006). A form of ‘vigilante counter-terrorism’ develops in American culture, which gives rise to anti-Muslim sentiment and acts of violence (Johnson, 2003). One probable contributing factor is termed: â€Å"Sudden Jihad Syndrome† (Pipes, 2006). The perpetrator, â€Å"for all outward appearances, a young Muslim man, well adjusted to Western society, considered friendly; one day, without warning, he acted out an independent Jihad, which injured nine students† (Pipes, 2006). Such unforeseeable and unpredictable behavior influences non-Muslims to stereotype many Muslims as having the same potential toward â€Å"Sudden Jihad Syndrome†. This of course creates an atmosphere of suspicion and mistrust between cultures: how can you tell who the enemy is just by looking at them? Discussion There is no cultural ‘quick fix’ to this pervasive problem confronting the modern world. â€Å"The general policy approach has to be adaptive, opportunistic, and multisided. The conventional problem-solving logic so attractive in American culture—find a problem and then fix it—is of limited utility, and a longer term, more contextualized approach is necessary† (Smelser et al. , 2002, p. 4). For instance, the Global War on Terror (GWOT) as espoused by the Bush Doctrine includes toppling ‘rogue nations’ as part of the effort to thwart terrorism (Borum, 2004). Focusing on ‘nation rebuilding’ of states, that are otherwise subject to deterrent, rather than on organizations that transcend geographic localities and are not subject to deterrent, is a lack of proper cultural understanding of the issues, and will lead to further cultural misunderstandings. It makes sense that if powerful cultures do not make accusations against weaker cultures not understood, or interfere in the sovereign rights of weaker nations, that a large amount of terrorism will fail to manifest by lack of unwanted cultural impetus from foreign powers. One of the biggest troubles seems to be, that powerful countries can arouse their masses which are â€Å"easily pressed into service to rally the nation, quell dissent and effectively inoculate the public against any alternative perspective† (Ivie, 2005, p. 56), the main point being to limit any alternative cultural perspectives as being legitimate relative to one’s own ‘superior’ cultural perspective. This is error. â€Å"An increasingly militarized culture of fear† (p. 9), such as is dominant in the US today, and which has been developing over many decades, cannot reduce the threat of terrorism in the world. Indeed, Muslim culture dictates that retribution be demanded when a family member is taken. Each errant US bomb inevitably creates more ‘terrorists’ (Borum, 2004), cultural ‘deviants’ are created that never would have existed otherwise. Rumors and hundreds of websites have sprung up claiming that FEMA has erected hundr eds of internment camps on American soil is a disturbing part of the changing culture in America today. A Google search of ‘American internment camps’ will pull up hundreds of unsubstantiated claims of such camps, including specific locations; further highlighting the cultural atmosphere of increasing paranoia. Finally, what can help prevent Muslim youth in the U. S. from taking a violent path? According to Sirin and Fine (2007)â€Å"Research that the successful integration of both one’s own culture and the dominant culture, leads to more positive developmental outcomes†¦whereas marginalization, that is disengagement from both cultures, is associated with mental health problems for immigrant youth† (p. 52). Society certainly would do well to address issues of marginalization, in order to help prevent future â€Å"Sudden Jihad Syndrome† (Pipes, 2006). Conclusion While this paper has focused mainly on US and Muslim extremist involvement, state and non-state respectively, it is important to remember that many other states and organizations exist whic h perpetrate terror. Terror is a two way street, with few exceptions. Perhaps the ultimate defense against terrorism is to understand the cultural and cross-cultural causes of it, and with proper knowledge, address the issues at hand. We must avoid stereotypes at all costs, because â€Å"Nearly all terrorists are extremists, but most extremists are not terrorists† (Borum, 2004). â€Å"Long-term orientation versus short-term orientation† (Franke, Hofstede, Bond, 1991) may provide insights into which culture holds greater strength in the GWOT. U. S. culture demands immediate results, and has little tolerance for long term strategies, while extremist Islamic culture is bond by the vision of Mohammed, and is prepared to sacrifice for centuries if need be (Borum, 2004). Fortunately, unnecessary warring between cultures may diminish substantially as one of the biggest single benefits of cross-cultural understanding and application of organizational psychological research (Brislan, 1983). â€Å"It is argued that we now live in an age of ‘hyperterrorism,’ where the nature and scale of terrorism has reached a new level, and that the question of ‘How to deal with international terrorism is quickly becoming the defining issue of our age’† (Ward, 2008, p. 248). It is imperative that we make every effort to understand the cross-cultural determinants of terrorism, regardless of cost. Additionally, â€Å"terrorism is a discourse that affects all our lives, and the collateral argument that terrorism somehow validates the occasional abrogation of so many of our most cherished legal principles, is something that should concern all of us† (p. 249). Hogan (2006) offers: â€Å"Due to the logistical and analytical challenges of cross-national comparisons, studies to date have concentrated largely on single nations† (p. 64). While much work remains, understanding the vast scope of cultural interdependencies that help create terrorism is an extremely complex task yet must be undertaken if we are to come to terms with global terrorism. As Hostede (1998) states, â€Å"constructs are products of the mind with which we attempt to understand and predict human behavior in an infinitely complex world†, and all constructs are flawed to some degree. In an infinitely complex world, we will never entirely eradicate terrorism in its many manifestations. Our best hope to eradicate the bulk of organized terrorism is through scientific understanding and conscientious application of rational solutions, freed from cultural bias. â€Å"Culture lies entirely on the â€Å"nurture† side of the ledger, as against â€Å"nature†, or truly nherited traits† (Munger, 2006, p. 134). Solutions to the specter of terrorism will manifest through understanding and responding to such cultural nurture. This paper has posited that understanding other cultures can help to reduce tensions between cultures, which give rise to terrorism and counterterrorism conflicts. As Munger (2006) points out, â€Å"a shared understanding of something that identifies insiders, and excludes outsiders because they do not share this understanding† (p. 133), is perhaps the fundamental commonality between conflicting sides. If we can short-circuit this exclusionary identity concept, by education and promulgate understanding by either, or both sides, and act upon it with responsible communication between parties, then perhaps modern terrorism as we know it will eventually end. It may take many years, because established terrorist organizations are not open to compromise (Smelser Mitchell, 2002), but such efforts may play a large part in helping to prevent future recruitment, and help eliminate the need for terrorist organizations within the cultures that originally spawned them; losing their luster they slowly fade from existence.

The Belmont Report Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Table of Contents Introduction Informed consent Assessment of risks and benefits Selection of subjects Conclusion Reference List Introduction Belmont report has in a great deal helped in establishing ethical guidelines for conducting research and experimentation in several spheres. It has helped in formulation of ethical principles and guidelines that have helped in protection of human subjects who have taken part in research (National Institutes of Health, 1979).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Belmont Report Ethical Principles and Guidelines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It cannot be denied that scientific research has its inherent social benefits but it has to be noted that some disturbing ethical questions have been raised by these researches (Commission for Protection of Human subjects, 1979). There have been issues related to abuse of human subjects especially after World War II when biomedical e xperiments were conducted on prisoners in concentration camps. There was not for these experiments to be done in an ethical manner. This research will discuss the role Belmont Report has played in establishing ethical guidelines for conducting research and experimentation. Informed consent Belmont report expressly reiterates that subjects who take part in research have to consent to take part in that particular research. The consent has to be informed. Subjects have to be in the know of what is to become of them as participants. This is only possible when certain conditions are satisfied. There are three elements of consent namely information, comprehension, and voluntariness. Subjects have right to know the purpose of the research, the procedure that is involved, the inherent risks and benefits, and where therapy is involved, an alternative procedure that will be involved. Subjects must be accorded opportunity to ask question and withdraw from research when they feel like. Likewise , the subjects have to fully comprehend the manner and context of the information conveyed. Information should not be divulged in disorganized and rapid fashion. A subject’s consent to participate in a research activity can only valid if they do so voluntarily. Subjects should not be coerced or influenced unduly. Usage of overt threat is unethical as it amounts to coercion. Subjects should also not be inappropriately rewarded as this amount to undue influence. Assessment of risks and benefits Investigators have to ensure that proposed research is properly designed. Assessment of risks and benefits helps the review committee to determine if risks the subjects are presented with are justified.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Assessment of risks and benefits helps the subjects in determining whether they should participate in a study or not. It is pertinent that the nature and scope of the risks involved are ascertained to help subjects know if the risks and benefits are favorable. It is imperative that risks and effects that directly impact the research subject is given much attention. Risks and benefits must be systematically assessed so that a balance is arrived at (Kiefer, 2001). In assessment of justifiability of research, aspects touching on brutality or inhuman treatment of subjects should not be deemed morally justified. When vulnerable populations are involved in a research, it is imperative that a demonstration be made as to why they have to be involved. Selection of subjects Selection of subjects to take part in a research should take into consideration fair procedures and outcomes. Individual justice in selection of subjects requires that fairness be involved. Potentially beneficial researches should not be a preserve of a particular group of subjects. Social justice demands that a distinction be made between subjects that should or should not take part in research. Using this criterion, classes of subjects like the adults, and children do arise. On this basis preference may be given to children or adults. Conclusion Ethics demand that subjects taking part in research are adequately informed about what the research is all about. Moreover, they have to be informed about the risks and the benefits involved. Finally, the selection of subjects should integrate aspects of individual justice and social justice. Reference List National Institutes of Health. (1979). The Belmont Report Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. Retrieved from https://ohsr.od.nih.gov/ Kiefer, J. (2001). The History and Importance of Informed Consent in Clinical Trials. Retrieved from https://serendipstudio.org/biology/b103/f01/web2/kiefer.htmlAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Belmont Report Ethical Principles and Guidelines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1979). Regulations and Ethical Guidelines. National Institutes of Health. This essay on The Belmont Report Ethical Principles and Guidelines was written and submitted by user Carleigh Howell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.