Technology in international business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Innovation in worldwide business - Essay Example In the event that one attempts to discover the immense effect of Web 2.0 on the social circle, the pursuit should begin from the 2008 US presidential political decision. The political decision saw the utilization of interpersonal interaction and YouTube for passing data and recordings. Truth be told, President Obama even declared the bad habit presidential choice by means of instant message. In any case, the inquiry here is to examine how the instrument can be utilized to improve diverse group execution, for instance, that of a virtual group. At this stage, it is anything but difficult to continue on the off chance that one realizes the ‘Container Model of Learning (Knowledge Transfer) and Communication. As Jin, Mason and Yim (n.d.) call attention to, as per the model, if An and B are two elements, and if A conveys its information to B, both An and B get the information that at first dwelled just with A. 1. One can without a doubt say that Web 2.0 advances can significantly imp rove cooperation, particularly when they are virtual groups, by upgrading joint effort and sharing of data. Truth be told, Web 2.0 encourages groups to bring their center undertaking the board procedure on the web. At that stage, utilizing long range informal communication like Facebook makes the task procedure obvious to all individuals from the group, regardless of topographical region and time. Moreover, there is Wiki where all colleagues can refresh the status of errands as required. What's more, there is blogging to specify. It appears that Web 2.0 offers considerably more than what is required to have appropriate correspondence and coordinated effort in groups. Additionally, the advantage of utilizing Social systems administration stages like MySpace for connection can't be ignored. Such systems permit undetectable human systems. On the off chance that appropriately utilized, these systems can work as wellsprings of skill that can be made accessible at whatever point and any p lace required. As specialists watch, correspondence is the fundamental obstacle that prevents culturally diverse correspondence more often than not. Be that as it may, PC situations have offered an a lot more prominent chance of correspondence, however there still are issues. Email, moment delivery person, and talking correspondence permit consistent correspondence that was unimaginable before. Truth be told, many Web 2.0 instruments can be utilized as specialized apparatuses. The rundown is long and dynamic, going from Blogs, Wikis, Flickr, digital recordings, and recordings. What's more are person to person communication locales like MySpace, and Facebook. There are instruments that encourage individual to-individual and gathering to-amass correspondence. Some of them are email, IM, content informing, Google Groups, and Web conferencing (Thing 7. Web 2.0 specialized devices). It appears that Web 2.0 opens up a totally different field of association and collaboration in universal a ssociations. For instance, webcam empowered video conferencing permits moment up close and personal correspondence, however this won't be so fascinating for non-English talking nations. In any case, one can't deny in the event that it is guaranteed that synergistic online journals can assist individuals with conveying successfully, share perspectives, and accordingly bring about better group execution. What's more, everybody knows how a wiki can be utilized to examine disputable issues. It is obvious that it will be intriguing to perceive how staff from different social foundations communicate and arrive at better affinity. Likewise, Google records can be utilized to advance composition on the improvement of intercultural skills, and this will help

My Visit to a Greek Orthodox Church :: Observation Essays Descriptive Essay

I have chosen to visit a Greek Orthodox Church, Saint Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox church. I went alone in light of the fact that I calculated this would not draw an excessive amount of consideration during the administration. I attempted to locate a close by chapel that will give the administration mostly in English. At the point when I discovered one close to me it was my karma that I went when it was completely spoken in Greek. The English help was at six at night, and the all-Greek assistance began at ten toward the beginning of the day. So to my demoralization I was at a lost at any endeavors that I had preplanned to adjust to this new condition. I didn’t even get the name of the cleric. While I was there sitting in the back I had the option to analyze a portion of the standards of the congregation and the way of life with in.      The church outer appearance was very not quite the same as different places of worship that I have seen. It was essentially a major white plaster hinder with a gold arch on top and four adorned spikes on each side of the structure that encompassed the vault. The individuals obviously were all Greek and were very sharp looking. The majority of the men and young men all wore suits, and If not they had a vest on. I don’t know whether this was a standard or custom, however it generally appeared as a regard to God. The ladies all wore the fundamental dresses, and all the skirts tumbled down beneath the knee. Everyone was appropriate and requested. As I strolled in the congregation I entered an entryway or some likeness thereof. What I saw hear was something like social hour. Everyone was in there. They were all communicating in Greek, and I felt as though I was in a family gathering party. The youngsters were all together; the grown-ups talked together and the youthf ul grown-ups all were together. The manner in which they all mingle is the point at which somebody comes up to make proper acquaintance, they give each other a kiss on the cheek and an embrace. These individuals are on the whole near one another. It appears as though the congregation is the focal point of their lives. I respect that quality also. To enter the assembly room you should go into this little room, which has a bit of piece of clothing from St. Constantine and St. Helen. Likewise there were candles lit. As they strolled through this little room they lit a flame and bowed down for a second to implore, and afterward contacted each article of clothing and made a traverse their chest.

Mock free essay sample

What amount is the size of the exchange opportunity for this situation among ADR and basic offer exchanged on LSE? A. UK? 0. 8740 B. UK? 2. 1263 C. UK? 1. 8740 D. Nothing unless there are other options 9. In the event that we accept that outside trade markets for significant world monetary forms are â€Å"efficient† and forward trade rates are impartial indicators of future spot trade rates at that point utilizing the suppositions of relative buying power equality and the underneath table of expansion rates and introductory spot trade rates in United States and UK gauge the spot conversion scale for every period. Current spot conversion scale: US$ 1. 5723/UK? Period: USA Inflation UK Inflation Estimated Exchange Rate 1 2. 4% 3. 2% X1 2. 8% 3. 6% X2 3. 5% 4. 2% X3 4 3. 2% 2. 5% X4 What is the normal future spot conversion standard in period 4? A. US$ 1. 5722/UK? B. US$ 1. 5482/UK? C. US$ 1. 5569/UK? D. US$ 1. 5158/UK? 10. Which of the accompanying explanations best depicts an ADR: I. alludes to endorsements exchanged the United States and designated in US$. We will compose a custom article test on Mock or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page ADR’s are sold, enlisted and moved in the United States in same way as any portion of the stock †with each ADR speaking to a specific numerous of the basic outside offer. II. efers to endorsements exchanged the worldwide markets and named in US$. ADR’s are sold, enrolled and moved in a significant world market, for example, London in same way as any portion of the stock †with each receipt instrument speaking to a specific numerous of the fundamental remote offer. III. alludes to endorsements exchanged an abroad market that are illustrative of a different of hidden offers recorded and exchanged an outside local market. IV. allude to â€Å"baskets† or arrangement of portions of a remote organization recorded and exchanged US and named in US$. A. I just B. II just C. III just D. IV as it were Part B: Calculation question You should endeavor the two inquiries Each question conveys 20 imprints 1. You are CFO of Darwin Mineral Exploration, a little Australian mining aggregate situated in Australia. A chance to grow tasks has emerged with two potential settings viable: Perth, Western Australia or Papua New Guinea, a neighboring nation with huge mineral stores. Every setting has an underlying â€Å"sunk† cost or capital venture (expense) and anticipated incomes in table underneath. The present spot conversion standard between Australian Dollar (Aus$) and Papua New Guinean Kina (PGK) will be PGK 2. 3106/Aus$ and we make the suspicion that as the two monetary forms are significant world monetary forms that the market for these is proficient and relative buying power equality connection holds to a sensible guess. As such the conjecture yearly expansion rates are additionally shown in beneath table for every year. Accept the financing of both potential scenes is attempted i n the residential Australian market. The Australian one year yield rate is 4. 37% while the normal profit for the Australian ASX-All Share advertise portfolio is 14% and the beta between Darwin Mineral Exploration recorded value and the market portfolio is 0. 780. The Australian corporate expense rate is 30% and the default premium on the organizations recorded obligation is 11. half. The firm is totally financed by obligation and value with the last representing 40% of the monetary structure. Australia Initial Investment Year 1 2 3 4 Papua New Guinea Australia Aus$ 30,000,000 Forecast Inflation Rate 3. 20% 3. 60% 3. 00% 3. 20% Forecast Inflation Rate 6. 10% 6. 25% 6. 60% 7. 20% Papua New Guinea PGK 250,000,000 Operating Cash Flows Aus$ 10,000,000 Aus$ 20,000,000 Aus$ 15,000,000 Aus$ 12,000,000 PGK 80,000,000 PGK 120,000,000 PGK 126,000,000 PGK 200,000,000 What is the expense of obligation for the firm? a) What is the expense of value for the firm? b) What is the WACC for the firm? c) Estimate the spot conversion scale for every year and utilize this to recalibrate the Papua New Guinean incomes into their Aus$ identical d) Calculate which of the two settings Perth, Western Australia or Papua New Guinea is probably going to be most financially practical and gainful utilizing this Net Present Value equation [Hint: utilize the expense of money to limit every individual money flow] Answer: a) What is the expense of obligation for the firm? Given the firm is financed regarding household Australian market this is the Australian hazard free rate in addition to the firm’s default chance premium on this I. e. Pre-charge cost of obligation = Risk Free Rate + Default Risk Premium = 4. 37% + 11. half = 15. 87% b) What is the expense of value for the firm? Review the CAPM equation for the normal returns (also called cost of value) for a stock or portfolio: Costof Equity ? Rstock ? RRiskFree ? ? ( RMarket ? RRiskFree ) So Cost of Equity = 4. 37% + 0. 9780*(14% 4. 37%) = 13. 788% c) What is the WACC for the firm? We are informed that the firm is totally financed by value and obligation. We are additionally informed that value represents 40% of budgetary structure. Likewise don’t overlook the significance of corporate duty rate at 28% WACC ? E D * K value ? (1 ? ? ) * K obligation * V WACC ? (0. 40) *13. 788% ? (1 ? 0. 30) *15. 87% * (0. 60) ? 12. 181% So the WACC = 12. 18% d) Estimate the spot swapping scale for every year and utilize this to recalibrate the Papua New Guinea incomes into their Aus $ equal We are given the present spot conversion scale between Papua New Guinean Kina and Aus $ I. e. PGK 2. 13106/Aus$. For the anticipated multi year future range of the undertaking in every setting we are given the expansion rates. So the assessed spot conversion scale for every year (given relative PPP holds) is: Estimated Ex Rate Year 1: 1 ? ? PGK 1 ? (6. 10/100) SYear1 ? Scurrent(Year0 ) * ? PGK 2. 13106/Aus$ * Aus$ 1? ? 1 ? (3. 20/100) ? PGK 2. 19094/Aus$ Estimated Ex Rate Year 2: 1 ? ? PGK 1 ? (6. 25/100) SYear2 ? SYear1 * ? PGK 2. 19094/Aus$ * Aus$ 1? ? 1 ? (3. 60/100) ? PGK 2. 24699/Aus$ Estimated Ex Rate Year 3: 1 ? ? PGK 1 ? (6. 60/100) ? PGK 2. 24699/Aus$ * 1 ? ? Aus$ 1 ? (3. 00/100) ? PGK 2. 32552/Aus$ SYear3 ? SYear2 * Estimated Ex Rate Year 4: 1 ? ? PGK 1 ? (7. 20/100) SYear4 ? SYear3 * ? PGK 2. 32552/Aus$ * 1 ? ? Aus$ 1 ? (3. 20/100) ? PGK 2. 41566/Aus$ So we have an expected arrangement of spot trade rates, in particular: Year 1: PGK 2. 19094/Aus $ Year 2: PGK 2. 24699/Aus $ Year 3: PGK 2. 32552/Aus $ Year 4: PGK 2. 41566/Aus $ e) Calculate which of the two settings An or B is probably going to be most financially suitable and beneficial utilizing this Net Present Value recipe [Hint: utilize the expense of funding to limit every individual money flow] Perth, Western Australia CF0 = - 30,000,000 Discounting of incomes: Year 1: 10,000,000 ? 8,914,192. 84 ? 1 ? 0. 1218? 1 20,000,000 ? 15,892,566. 78 ? 1 ? 0. 1218? 2 Year 2: Year 3: 15,000,000 ? 10,625,205. 37 ? 1 ? 0. 1218? 3 Year 4: 12,000,000 ? 7,577,210. 37 ? 1 ? 0. 1218? 4 Overall NPV = - 30,000,000+ Sum (Discounted Cash Flows) = Aus $ 13,009,175. 36 Papua New Guinea CF0 = PGK 250,000,000 = (250,000,000/PGK 2. 13106/Aus $) = Aus $ 117,312,511. 14 Discounting of incomes: Year 1: ? 80,000,000 ? ? PGK 2. 19094/Aus $ ? ? ? ? 32,549,224. 64 1 ? 1 ? 0. 1218? Year 2: ?120,000,000 ? ? PGK 2. 24699/Aus $ ? ? ? ? 42,437,007. 17 2 ? 1 ? 0. 1218? Year 3: ?126,000,000 ? PGK 2. 32552/Aus $ ? ? ? ? 38,379,215. 38 3 ? 1 ? 0. 1218? Year 4: ? 200,000,000 ? ? PGK 2. 41566/Aus $ ? ? ? ? 52,278,423. 07 4 ? 1 ? 0. 1218? Generally NPV = Aus $ 13,009,175. 36 + Sum (Discounted Cash Flows) = Aus $ 48,331,359. 11 Choice of scene is: Papua New Guinea (most elevated positive NPV) 2. A German based firm, has a remote money named receivable to a Peruvian exchanging accomplice due in 270 days of Peruvian Neuvo Sol 35,000,000. As CFO and given the data in the table underneath you need to assess and recognize four supporting techniques and conclude which is best. Spot swapping scale Multi month forward rate Firm’s best gauge of spot rate in nine months Firm’s WACC (weighted normal expense of capital) Multi month Peruvian obtaining financing cost (per annum) Multi month Peruvian loaning loan cost (per annum) Multi month German acquiring financing cost (per annum) Multi month German loaning loan cost (per annum) Put choice close at-the-cash strike value Put choice premium (payable at time alternative agreement is composed) Number of days in a year Number of days in a month Peru N-Sol 3. 4573/Euro Peru N-Sol 3. 500/Euro Peru N-Sol 3. 3500/Euro 7. 5% 4% per annum 3% per annum 6% per annum 8% per annum Peru N-Sol 3. 4500/Euro 1. 5% 360 30 I) What is the most probable incentive in nine months if position whenever left un-supported? ii) What is the worth is a forward agreement is utilized as a support? iii) What is the worth if a Money advertise support is utilized? iv) What is the terminal worth if a Call alternative support is utiliz ed? v) As CFO which of these supporting methods would you suggest and why? Answers I) What is the most probable incentive in a quarter of a year if position whenever left un-supported? Leaving the position unhedged will bring about the record receivable, specifically Peru Neuvo Sol 35,000,000 separated by spot conversion scale in 9 months (270 days): I. e. Un-supported worth = Peru Neuvo Sol 35,000,000/Peru N-Sol 3. 3500/Euro = Euro 10,447,761. 19 ii) What is the worth is a forward agreement is utilized as a fence? A â€Å"forward hedge† includes a forward agreement and a wellspring of assets to satisfy that agreement. The forward agreement is gone into at the time the introduction is made I. e. at the present time (t=0) when the offer of good to Peruvian organization was entered on account record articulation as a record receivable. So as to â€Å"cover† the introduction danger of antagonistic developments in the outside conversion standard in 9 months from now influencing the estimation of the cash due in the record receivable. So given the firm anticipates

Looking At Heroic Code In The Iliad English Literature Essay

Seeing Heroic Code In The Iliad English Literature Essay In book 9 of The Iliad, the best case of saints, Achilles, inquiries in mid-path about the chivalrous code. Nonetheless, it is only a breaking start for the procedure in looking for another perspective about what and how to develop a genuine saint. Through a hopeless misfortune and capacity to identify with different characters in the book, at last, Achilles winds up that procedure with an exercise: Rather than the respect picked up in the fight, a saint is additionally motivated by the connectedness to others, battling for the endurance of their city, families and friends. Achilless doubt about the genuine estimation of gallant code raises another point of view to the Iliads perusers, giving them how the chivalrous world may look from the situation outside it. At first, it appears to bode well that Nothing merits my life, not all the wealth/They state Troy held before the Greeks came, (9.415-16) Achilles stated, when he has a lot of ownership, and those respect giving material endowments are not a value while pay for a mind-blowing loss on the fight. Likewise, it is difficult to question when he condemns the pointlessness of the brave framework: Coward and legend get a similar prize:/You pass on whether you slack off or work. (9.326-27) However, those contentions are just abstract and connected with visual impairment. The discourse of Phoenix, one of the ministers and Achilles cherished old coach, completely answers Achilles concern and calls attention to what Achilles can't see. He recounts to the account of Meleager, a man who was wronged and would n ot protect his nation. He resigned in his live with his dearest spouse and avoided the battling until the second when his city was going to be devastated. He understood that his wifes wellbeing could be undermined if his nation lost in the war. In this way, he came back to fight and battled for his city, yet by then Meleager simply won little respect. Phoenixs story reacts to Achilles allegation that blessings are deficient remuneration for battling by indicating that there are as yet different reasons other than respect why individuals lose their lives for battling. That is a result of their family, their dear companions, and any obligations of fellowship in a little network. Now, the family idea and the interrelation between people become uncovering as an essential part of courageous code. This thought gradually creates in further Book through Achilles relationship to others on an individual premise. It is simply after Patroclus passing that Achilles acknowledges what is absent in his past allegation, which likewise features those above recently discovered points of view of human connectedness. A saint, obviously, must satisfy his status in battle on the front line, to get regarded for himself; furthermore, it is focused on that he needs to regard his family, demonstrate reliability to his companions, and secure his friends. Achilles learns this valuable exercise after a hopeless misfortune: A fog dark melancholy wrapped Achilles/He gathered up fistfuls of burned from the sun dust/And poured it on his head, fouling/His delightful face à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦ (18.23-26) The word envelope is utilized adroitly as, similar to a letter is secured underneath another thick paper, Achilles stalls out in a befuddling pondering if his own respect is an extreme reason he is looking for all through the entirety of his falsehood, or his cozy relationship with sidekicks matters more to his actual cour ageous worth. He gets lost. He clashes with himself. The picture of obstinate man with solid allegation toward the start vanishes; rather, that man is acting unwittingly: He gathered up fistfuls of burned from the sun dust/And poured it on his head, fouling/His excellent face à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦ (18.24-26) Beautiful face is a pleasant representation for the picture of a perfect saint which Achilles erroneously exaggerates for himself, and residue can be comprehended as the power for Achilles to break against that landmark and come to the underneath obvious brave code. Presently, Achilles starts to see life and associations with others from a human perspective. Patrocluss demise is a solid token of those different purposes behind battling that Achilles overlooks in his underlying sabotaging of respect. In a material human world, saints may prize the prize and economic wellbeing as an outcome of winning the battling, yet they are additionally spurred by the energy for the city they secure and by the adoration for family and companion they profoundly include. Family and profound obligation of fellowship likewise participate in building the ethical angle in a genuine saints character. This energizes the perusers significantly adjacent to many grisly fierce slaughtering scenes all through the book. In the scene Priam takes payoff to request Hectors cadaver back for an appropriate entombment, the perusers can observer another side in Achilles conduct that never plays out: loaded with true graciousness and compassion. Contrasted and the extraordinary brutality when Achilles unfeelingly hauls Hectors body around the dividers of Troy, this move altogether amazes the perusers. Priam crouched in sorrow at Achilles feet, cried/And groaned delicately for his man-killing Hector. (24.547-49) Homer uses the action word cluster, by one way or another conversely with high status of Priam, a lord, to show that passing is no boundary to the respect and greatness accomplished throughout everyday life. Priams asking doesn't shame him; rather, he does that f or the sake of his relative. This activity really catches Achilles pity and separates his opposition. Achilles realizes that his destiny is to kick the bucket at Troy and stay away for the indefinite future home in Phthia. He understands how urgent his dad, Peleus, feels once he realizes that tragic updates on his child, which may happens to Priam if Achilles doesn't return Hectors carcass to him. What's more, Achilles sobbed for this dad and/For Patroclus. The sound occupied the room. (24.550-51) just any article that is obvious and have weight can occupy a space, yet Homer uses that action word for the sound to show that, this time, Achilles tear has esteem since he as of now learns his slip-up in self-assimilation and changes himself to think about different people groups sentiments. At last, he reaches to his way of life as a human, relinquishing his past unpleasant shock, and imparting the sorrow of misfortune to different humans. Liberality, or absolution, additionally builds a genuine saint. This is a valuable exercise that Achilles learns till the end. The Iliad, put aside the entirety of the severe slaughtering scenes, is a work profoundly worried about the genuine estimation of chivalrous framework. In particular, the scrutinizing of Achilles in Book 9 raises another knowledge for the Iliads perusers. The legends splendid execution in the front line is major to keep up his status. Besides, he needed to satisfy his duty as per his family, companions, and network as a rule.

Constructive trusts - Free Essay Example

Question A constructive trusts Constructive trusts are Trusts that Arise By Operation of the Law (TABOLs). This means that the law has imposed these trusts under certain circumstances. The law automatically creates an equitable title for beneficiaries in the property of the legal owner. They, are then, distinct from intentional trusts (which the settlor creates himself by using his power of ownership to create a trust). Constructive trusts may be imposed by the law in three circumstances; where a vendor of property fails or refuses to execute the necessary documents to transfer legal title to the recipient, equity states that the vendor holds the property on constructive trust for the recipient from the moment the contract of sale is signed. Secondly, where legal title to property is transferred to a third party in breach of an existing trust, the recipient can be described as a constructive trustee so that the original beneficiary can still claim his equitable interest. Finally, a constructive trust arises where individuals acquire an interest in anotherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s property because of their à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“past dealings or relationship with the owner.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [1] This is the category which is relevant in this instance, and the most common one of its t ype is the constructive trust of the family home. In basic terms, a constructive trust of the family home arises where two people (usually spouses) cohabit, and although the legal title to the property is in the name of only one, the other relies on an informal agreement of joint ownership to his or her detriment. This party will acquire an equitable interest in the property under a constructive trust. The individual must show, however, that she has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“altered her position in reliance upon the agreement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ thereby acquiring an enforceable interest à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ by way either of a constructive trust or a proprietary estoppelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Lloyds Bank plc v Rossett). The law alters the legal ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s property rights in what is usually the most significant asset owned. Oakleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s comment (above) reflects an ambivalence within the legal profession towards the constructive trust as a whole, and in particular those of the fam ily home. This is based upon the fact that it is a largely arbitrary device, imposed or withheld in each case on the merits of that case, based on a consideration of what is just and equitable. The constructive trust, then, is a creature of equity which seeks to bring justice where the strict letter of the law would deliver an unjust solution. By its nature, then, it is unpredictable, which accounts for the suspicion surrounding it. Added to this is the fact that the power of equity in this case has not been informed by entirely coherent principles. A constructive trust may be imposed subject to proof of three elements. The first of these is a bargain (or common intention). This can be express or implied; that is to say the courts may infer a common intention from the partiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ conduct (Gissing v Gissing, per Lord Diplock). This is the so-called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"common intentionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ approach, which was laid down in Pettitt v Pettitt. Secondly, there mu st be a demonstrable change in position based upon any agreement by the person seeking to establish an equitable interest. This is usually shown by proving that the person incurred a detriment or made a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"material sacrificeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in response to some bargain for beneficial entitlement (Gissing v Gissing). This change in position will usually include financial contributions or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the devotion of onerous labour to a joint ventureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[2] Finally, there must be what is known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"equitable fraudà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, or the unconscionable denial of rights. This arises where the legal owner tries to deny any bargain (which has been established) by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“asserting the absolute, exclusive or unqualified nature of his own rights.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [3] These three requisite features were most clearly displayed in the case of Bannister v Bannister, where a lady conveyed her freehold interest in two properties to her brother-in-l aw at low rates, on the oral condition that she should be allowed to live in one of them rent-free for the remainder of her life. When the brother-in-law sought to evict her, the court held that the brother-in-law held his legal title on constructive trust, thereby giving effect to the beneficial life interest granted to the lady. A striking feature of the constructive trust of the family home is its similarity to proprietary estoppel, which is another means by which rights in land may be created informally. It has even been suggested that there is no real difference between these two strands of doctrine (Birmingham Midshires Mortgage Services Ltd v Sabherwal). It is also the case that the significance of the constructive trust in the family home has been much reduced in the case of spouses (its real significance being found in the case of other unmarried cohabitees, including same-sex couples, parents and unmarried children and others)). This is because in the case of spouses, i t would commonly arise on the breakdown of a relationship, and the courts are empowered by statute to alter property rights in these circumstances.[4] A key feature of Pettitt v Pettitt was the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reluctance to afford the courts a general jurisdiction to rearrange the property rights of cohabitees on the breakdown of their relationship in whatever way seemed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fair and just in all the circumstancesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This pre-empted much of the uncertainty that could have arisen as a result of this type of constructive trust, but other areas persist. In many cases, for example, it is unclear whether the extent of reliance has matched what was expected under the parties common understanding. This problem was identified by Browne-Wilkinson VC in Grant v Edwards. Although there is a degree of uncertainty surrounding the constructive trust, then, and a high level of overlap with proprietary estoppel, the uncertainty ha been reduced by the courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ general reluctance to afford themselves an open-ended jurisdiction to alter property rights, as seen in Pettitt v Pettitt, and the fact that the various developmental strands of the doctrine have been drawn together in the case of Lloyds Bank plc v Rossett, in which the House of Lords delivered a unanimous verdict. As Penner states, this is now the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“authoritative enunciationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of the basic principles, and has reduced the lack of certainty considerably.[5] Question B problem question In this scenario, the property 8 Emerald Way is purchased in the sole name Mary. That means that she has sole legal title to the property, which in turn means that Philip does not own the legal title. At first sight, then, this situation looks promising for Mary when the relationship breaks down, as it would suggest that she, as sole legal owner, can exercise those rights associated with ownership that one would usually expect; most significantly in this s cenario, the power of sale. The situation is not that simple, however. Judging by the facts of the case, it seems certain that the courts would conclude that a constructive trust had arisen in favour of Philip. There is a further problem for Mary which relates to the contract of sale into which she has entered with Sam. This will be dealt with in turn, but it certainly seems likely that Philip will come off best. A constructive trust of the family home arises when three conditions are met. Firstly, there must be a bargain (or common intention) between the parties. This may be implied (inferred from the partiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ conduct) or express. In this situation, it does not appear there was an express bargain made. The fact that there was a specific reason for the legal title to be put in the sole name of Mary (in order to avoid claims from creditors endangering the property if Philipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business ran into difficulty), however, could be seen to constitute a ba rgain. It is, however, sufficient that there is a common intention to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“confer or share some definable beneficial interest in the property concernedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Bannister v Bannister). As it appears that it was the partiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ intention to share the beneficial ownership of the property, this condition of the constructive trust is met. This is a positive situation for Philip, but not so positive for Mary. The second aspect of a constructive trust is that the party seeking to establish a beneficial interest has changed his or her position in reliance upon the bargain (Gissing v Gissing). This additional requirement is a response to the statutory provision that an oral declaration of a trust of land is unenforceable.[6] Again, it seems likely in the present scenario, that Philip would have little trouble establishing detrimental reliance upon the bargain. We are not informed how the 5% deposit of  £5,000 was paid, but it seems likely that it wa s paid in equal shares by Mary and Philip. On top of this, the utility bills and general household expenses have been paid by Philip. These may be considerable. The fact that he bought the coupleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s new car, and funded their recent holiday to Corfu would add to this, as it has been held that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“indirect expenditure on the household or otherwise comprise a sufficient change of position for the purpose of founding à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a constructive trust.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [7] If Philip is relying upon an implied bargain to share beneficial ownership as opposed to an express agreement, as seems likely in this case, the courts will require much more stringent proof of detriment on his part. The courts would largely be preoccupied with contributions of a monetary nature. In Lloyds Bank plc v Rossett, Lord Bridge doubted that anything less than à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“direct contributions to the purchase priceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  would be sufficient evidence of a detrimental change in position. It seems to be in favour of Maryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case that the only direct financial contribution which Philip made to the purchase price was, possibly, half of the initial 5% deposit. It is significant that although it seems likely that the courts would find there to be a constructive trust in favour of Philip, that does not necessarily mean that they would be found to own the beneficial interest in equal shares. The court would be free to attribute whatever ownership shares it thought appropriate and fair (Midland Bank plc v Cooke). This would argue in favour of Mary, as she has undoubtedly made more financial contribution to the property through the mortgage repayments that Philip has. In Eves v Eves, for example, the claimant redecorated the entire house, demolished a garden shed, and prepared the garden for turfing. The Court of Appeal awarded her a one-quarter share under a constructive trust. From Samà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s point of view, the construc tive trust in favour of Philip will probably be found to bind Sam as well (as happened, for example, in Williams Glynà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s Bank Ltd v Boland). Before entering the contract for sale, Sam should have made such enquiries as were reasonable to discover Philipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest. If a constructive trust is found in favour of Philip, then, he remains the beneficiary while Sam would become the constructive trustee. Mary would be liable to Philip for whatever monetary loss Philip has incurred. In summary, then, Maryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s position with regard to claiming sole ownership of the property is not very strong. Although she is the sole legal owner, it seems likely that the courts will impose a constructive trusteeship on her in relation to Philipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s beneficial share of the property. This may not be a 50% share, but it is certainly likely to be something. The contract of sale is subject to the constructive trust, and Philip would have a direct mo ney claim against Mary for losses suffered. BIBLIOGRAPHY Statutes Law of Property Act 1925 Matrimonial Property and Proceedings Act 1970 Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 Cases Bannister v Bannister [1948] 2 All ER 133 Birmingham Midshires Mortgage Services Ltd v Sahara [2000] 80 P CR 256, CA Eves v Eves [1975] 1 WLR 1338, CA Gissing v Gissing [1971] AC 886 Grant v Edwards [1986] Ch 638 Lloyds Bank plc v Rossett [1991] 1 AC 107 Midland Bank plc v Cooke [1995] 4 All ER 562, CA Pettitt v Pettitt [1970] AC 777 Williams Glynà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s Bank Ltd v Boland [1981] AC 487 Secondary sources Gray, K., and Gray, S.F., Elements of Land Law (Oxford, 2005) Martin, J.E., Modern Equity (London, 2001) Penner, J.E., The Law of Trusts (LexisNexis, 2004) Footnotes [1] Penner, J.E., The Law of Trusts (LexisNexis, 2004), p.127 [2] Gray, K., and Gray, S.F., Elements of Land Law (Oxford, 1995), p.937 [3] Gray, K., and Gray, S.F., Land Law (Butterworths, 2003), p.288 [4] Matrimonial Property and Proceedings Act 1970, s37, and Matrimonial Causes Act 1973, s24 [5] Penner, p.133 [6] Law of Property Act 1925, s53(1)(b) [7] Gray and Gray, p.297

Improving Environmental Sustainability in Restaurant Business Essaypilot

Abstract The aim of this research proposal is to investigate the ways of improving environmental sustainability in the restaurant business. Several journals relevant to the restaurant setting in terms of customer satisfaction and management will be delved into in this paper. Questionnaires will be self-administered and distributed to consumers in twenty full-service restaurants. Collection of data will be done through the construction of charts and tables used in obtaining a comprehensive result (Wolf, 2015). Restaurants will be able to use this proposal to find the best ways of improving environmental sustainability in the restaurant business. Statement of the Problem There is increased research not only in price and the quality of the merchandise itself but also provision of pleasant and exciting shopping atmosphere. Most studies which focus on the impacts of store environment on retail market behavior but few have explored on improving environmental sustainability in the hospitality industry, especially in the restaurant business (Fukuhara et al, 2014). Most researchers have carried out some surveys on the influences of restaurants on the environment but the summary of impacts are not exhaustively worked upon and thus becomes insufficient (Rabinowitz, 2016). This study will summarize all impacts, so the restaurant owners and managers will find this study significant. The research questions will be what environmental effects does restaurant business have on consumers? Will the restaurants environmental impacts be influenced by making responsible decisions? Literature Review In order to deal with the relations between environment and individual responses to stimuli, Mehrabian and Russell (1974) presented a very good model in psychology. The M-R model used by some researchers to an environment can be grouped as either approach or avoidance behavior. Good environment is stated to cause approach behavior and include spending and repeat purchase (chang, 2000). Methodology Design and Instrumentation The reason for this research is to find out ways of improving restaurants environmental sustainability. Self-administered questionnaires will be used to collect data as per consumers perceptions of the restaurants on the environment. The first part of the questionnaire will contain attributes reflecting employees perception of the environment and atmospherics. The second part will be participants dining satisfaction level. A five-point Likert scale range will be used from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The third part would be a general question on individual recommendations to improve sustainability. Sampling, Data Collection and Analysis Sampling will be random and a sample size of twenty respondents will be used. Participation will be voluntary and a survey will be held as customers wait to be served. At the end of the survey, the frequency of each response will be computed to prepare tables and charts. All the statistical tests will use the standard alpha level (ОÂ ± = .05). The analysis will pose the general idea about consumersÐ ² attitude to the restaurants environment. Owners and managers of the same will benefit from this and improve environmental sustainability. References Fukuhara, T., Tenmoku, R., Okuma, T., Ueoka, R., Takehara, M., Kurata, T. (2014). Improving service processes based on visualization of human-behavior and POS data: A case study in a Japanese restaurant. InÐ’ Serviceology for ServicesÐ’ (pp. 3-13). Springer Japan.Rabinowitz, M. (2016). Assessing the Effect of Social Networks on Employee Creativity in a Fast-Food Restaurant Environment.T hompson, R. (2015).Ð’ Counseling techniques: Improving relationships with others, ourselves, our families, and our environment. Routledge.Wolf, J. W. (2015). Guest perceptions of wait times using tablet technology in restaurant environmentÐ’ (Doctoral dissertation, University of MissouriColumbia).`

Why Is There Chlorine in Tap Water

Chlorine is a highly efficient disinfectant, and it is added to public water supplies to kill disease-causing bacteria that the water or its transport pipes might contain. â€Å"Chlorine has been hailed as the savior against cholera  and various other waterborne diseases, and rightfully so,† says Steve Harrison, president of water filter maker Environmental Systems Distributing. â€Å"Its disinfectant qualities†¦have allowed communities and whole cities to grow and prosper by providing disease-free tap water to homes and industry.† The Pros and Cons of Chlorine But Harrison says that all this disinfecting has not come without a price: Chlorine introduced into the water supply reacts with other naturally-occurring elements to form toxins called trihalomethanes (THMs), which eventually make their way into our bodies. THMs have been linked to a wide range of human health maladies ranging from asthma and eczema to bladder cancer and heart disease. In addition, Dr. Peter Montague of the Environmental Research Foundation cites several studies linking moderate to heavy consumption of chlorinated tap water by pregnant women with higher miscarriage and birth defect rates. A recent report by the non-profit Environmental Working Group concluded that from 1996 though 2001, more than 16 million Americans consumed dangerous amounts of contaminated tap water. The report found that water supplies in and around Washington, D.C., Philadelphia and Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania, and the Bay Area in California were putting the greatest number of people at risk, although 1,100 other smaller water systems across the country also tested positive for high levels of contaminants. â€Å"Dirty water going into the treatment plant means water contaminated with chlorination byproducts coming out of your tap,† said Jane Houlihan, EWG’s Research Director. â€Å"The solution is to clean up our lakes, rivers, and streams, not just bombard our water supplies with chlorine.† Alternatives to Chlorine Eliminating water pollution and cleaning up our watersheds are not going to happen overnight, but alternatives to chlorination for water treatment do exist. Dr. Montague reports that several European and Canadian cities now disinfect their water supplies with ozone instead of chlorine. Currently, a handful of U.S. cities do the same, most notably Las Vegas, Nevada and Santa Clara, California. Those of us who live far from Las Vegas or Santa Clara, though, do have other options. First and foremost is filtration at the faucet. Carbon-based filters are considered the most effective at removing THMs and other toxins. The consumer information website WaterFilterRankings.com compares various water filters on the bases of price and effectiveness. The site reports that filters from Paragon, Aquasana, Kenmore, GE, and Seagul remove most if not all of the chlorine, THMs and other potential contaminates in tap water. Concerned consumers without the money to spend on home filtration, though, can just rely on good old-fashioned patience. Chlorine and related compounds will make their way out of tap water if the container is simply left uncovered in the refrigerator for 24 hours. That old trick is well known to those taking care of house plants. Edited by Frederic Beaudry